Andrews University Standards for
Written Work
Andrews
University Standards for Written Work
Eleventh Edition
Recommendations and Requirements of All Departments and Programs of the
University
Revised and edited by Bonnie Proctor
School of Graduate Studies Berrien Springs, Michigan 2008
http://www.andrews.edu/grad/resources/style.html
CONTENTS
Chapter 1. GENERAL INFORMATION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Style vs. Format. .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Typeface and Paper. . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . Duplication. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . Recommended Style Guides. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Term Paper. .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Research Project. . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . Theses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . Dissertations.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2. CONTENTS OF THE WRITTEN WORK. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Arrangement of Contents.. . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . The Abstract.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. Preliminary Pages. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Main Body of
Text.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chapters. . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rules for Tables and Figures (Illustrations). . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rules for
Subheads. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Summaries, Conclusions, and
Recommendations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . Student-Prepared Questionnaires.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Appendix and Reference
Pages. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3. THE MECHANICS OF PREPARATION. . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Margins. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Page
Numbers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Spacing. . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Word Division. . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Italics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . 4. ADDITIONAL SUGGESTIONS FOR WRITING FORMAL PAPERS. . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Foreign Language in Text. . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . Who Are “We”?.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Keep
the Historical Perspective. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Suggestions for Use of Verb
Tense. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . Use Gender-Inclusive Language. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.
SPECIFIC CONCERNS FOR THOSE USING TURABIAN. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . Footnotes (General). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . Footnotes (Specific). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Bibliographical Entries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 1 1 2 4 4 5 6 7
7 9 10 11 11 11 13 14 14 15 17 17 17 17 19 19 20 20 20 20 20 22 25 25 25 27
Abbreviations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 6.
SPECIFIC CONCERNS FOR THOSE USING APA STYLE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . In-text References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . Referencing Quotations in APA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Reference List
for APA Papers.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Abbreviations in APA Papers. . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . 7. SAMPLE STYLE SHEETS FOR PRELIMINARY PAGES. . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Abstract Title Page. . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . Sample Abstract. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . Title Page–Doctoral Dissertations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Title
Page–Master’s Theses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Title Page–Undergraduate
Honors Projects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . Approval Page–Education: Ph.D. and Ed.D. . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Approval
Page–D.Min. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Approval Page–Seminary: Ph.D.
and Th.D. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . Approval Page–Master’s Theses.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table of
Contents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . List of
Illustrations/List of Tables. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . List of Abbreviations.. . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Preface. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . Sample Page Showing Spacing, Margins, and Use of
Subheadings.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 30 32 33 35 36 37
38 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 49 50 51 52
Appendix A. TURABIAN FOOTNOTE AND BIBLIOGRAPHY INFORMATION AND SAMPLES. . . .
53 B. APA IN-TEXT ENTRIES AND REFERENCE LIST INFORMATION AND SAMPLES. . . 59
INDEX. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
63
Chapter 1
GENERAL INFORMATION
This manual is intended as a guide in writing term papers, research projects,
theses, doctoral dissertations (including D.Min. dissertations), and any other
written work in connection with course work or degree requirements. It sets
forth format requirements that are unique to Andrews University. Individual
departments of the University may have additional requirements or may specify
requirements in greater detail. You must counsel with your adviser and/or
guidance committee concerning any special departmental requirements that may
apply. All projects, theses, and dissertations should be prepared in the format
specified in this manual and in accordance with those special requirements.
STYLE VS. FORMAT
Many students ask, What is the difference between style and format? Style
dictates such matters as whether to use footnotes or in-text references,
whether to write numbers as words or figures; capitalization rules, and whether
a bibliography or reference list is produced. At the beginning of writing, you
and your adviser and/or committee must agree on the style to be used; that
style must be followed throughout the paper. Andrews University requires a
certain format for all papers, dissertations, and theses (regardless of style
chosen), which includes (1) margins and spacing, (2) the placement and layout
of preliminary pages, (3) placement of page numbers, (4) subheads, and (5) how to
display tables and figures.
TYPEFACE AND PAPER
Typefaces similar to Times New Roman, New Century Schoolbook, and Courier are
acceptable. A serif rather than a sans serif typeface (such as Arial) is
preferred. The size of the type should range between 10 and 12 points. Do not
use a compressed typeface or any settings on your system that would decrease
the spacing between letters or words. The default settings are normally
acceptable. The final paper must comply with all the rules regarding format
(margins, spacing, and page number placement). Final copies of research
projects, theses, and doctoral dissertations must be made on high-quality,
acid-free paper—20# with at least 25 percent cotton rag content—to assure a
longer shelf life. This quality paper is neither demanded nor recommended until
the very final copy.
DUPLICATION
In general, theses and dissertations are to be photocopied. However, students
with a short thesis or dissertation may find that it is more economical to
print the required number of copies rather than use a duplicating service. The
final product must be clean, straight, and dark enough to be read and
duplicated easily.
1
2
STANDARDS FOR W RITTEN W ORK
RECOMMENDED STYLE GUIDES
Before writing, supply yourself with the style guide recommended by your
department or program. In matters of format not specified in Standards for
Written Work, conform to the specifications of the manual prescribed (and
possibly amended) by your department. Departments Guide Recommended–Most Recent
Edition
Accounting, Economics, and Finance
Kate L. Turabian, A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and
Dissertations, 7th ed., rev. Wayne C. Booth, Gregory G. Colomb, and Joseph M.
Williams (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007). Turabian; see above for
details. Follow journal style as used in Diagnostic Medicine; Journal of
American Society of Clinical Pathology; and Medical Laboratory Observer,
whichever is most appropriate to topic. Turabian; see above for details.
Turabian; see above for details. Turabian; see above for details. American
Psychological Association, Publication Manual, [latest edition] (Washington,
DC: Author). CBE Style Manual Committee, CBE Style Manual (Arlington, VA:
Council of Biology Editors), with departmental revisions; or follow journal
style used by respected journal. Janet S. Dodd, ed., The ACS Style Guide
(Washington, DC: American Chemical Society). Joseph Gibaldi and Walter S.
Achtert, MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers (New York: Modern Language
Association of America); APA, Publication Manual; see above for details. APA,
Publication Manual; see above for details. (Accepted) APA, Publication Manual;
or Turabian, with in-text references or footnotes. See above for details.
Students must counsel with adviser and committee to determine style at outset
of writing.
Agriculture Allied Health
Architecture Art, Art History, and Design Aviation Technology Behavioral
Sciences
Biology
Chemistry
Communication
Computer Science and Information Systems Educational Administration and
Supervision
Educational and Counseling Psychology APA, Publication Manual; see above for
details.
GENERAL INFORMATION
3
Engineering Engineering Technology English (Literature emphasis) (Language
emphasis)
Turabian; see details above. Turabian; see details above. Gibaldi and Achtert,
MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers; see above for details. Linguistic
Society of America Style Sheet (appears annually in December issue of the LSA
Bulletin). APA, Publication Manual; see above for details.
(Rhetoric and Composition emphasis) Geography History and Political Science
International Languages
Turabian; see above for details. Turabian; see above for details. Gibaldi and
Achtert, MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers; see above for details.
APA, Publication Manual; see above for details. Turabian; see above for
details. Committee of the AMS, A Manual for Authors of Mathematical Papers
(Providence, RI: American Mathematical Society). Turabian; or Kathleen Dugdale,
A Manual of Form for Theses and Term Papers (Bloomington, IN: Indiana
University Bookstore). APA, Publication Manual; see above for details. Follow
style used by The American Dietetics Association Journal. Turabian; see above
for details. American Medical Association Manual of Style (Baltimore: Williams
& Wilkens, 1989); also specific recommendations in this manual. American
Institute of Physics, Style Manual (New York: American Institute of Physics).
Turabian; also specific recommendations in this manual. The American Speech,
Language, and Hearing Association, Journal of Speech and Hearing Research
(Danville, IL: Illinois Interstate Publishers and Printers). See also
"Information for Authors" inside back cover; and APA, Publication
Manual; see
Leadership Management and Marketing Mathematics
Music
Nursing Nutrition (Dietetics) Physical Education and Health Physical Therapy
Physics
Religion and Biblical Languages Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology
4
STANDARDS FOR W RITTEN W ORK
above for details. Teaching and Learning Technology Education SDA Theological
Seminary APA, Publication Manual; see above for details. Turabian; see above
for details. Turabian; see above for details and also specific recommendations
in this manual; The SBL Handbook of Style, [latest edition] (Peabody, MA:
Hendrickson Publishers)—for Old Testament, New Testament, and Biblical Studies;
and Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research (BASOR 253 [1984]:
1-8 and 294 [1994]: 1-6)—for papers in archaeology.
THE TERM PAPER
A term paper is written as a partial fulfillment of one particular course. The
teacher of the course sets up the requirements for the term paper. You are
directly responsible to that teacher when you write your paper.
THE RESEARCH PROJECT
The project is usually a departmental endeavor. Each project consists of (1) a
formal research proposal; (2) the administration of treatments and/or
instruments and an analysis of resulting data—unless the project is entirely of
a historical, philosophical, or theoretical nature; and (3) the formal
reporting of the entire undertaking, including the conclusions and implications
of the study. Adviser One faculty member is required to serve as an adviser for
a project. You may choose this adviser in consultation with your curriculum
adviser. Before beginning work on a project, you must have the approval of the
project adviser. You must also file with the department a statement naming the
project adviser. In some departments this statement is a written or oral
agreement with the department chair; in others the statement appears on the
Statement of Adviser and Project Approval form (obtainable at the department
office). In the case of a form statement, one copy is given to the adviser and
the second is filed with the department. Should a change of adviser or research
project become necessary, a new statement must be filed. Content and Quality
The content of your research project must be directly related to your area of
concentration. The substantive content of the research project deals with (1)
the testing of theory, (2) the application of theory, and/or (3) a creative,
original proposition that you construct regarding a specific problem. The
results of the project should be significant to the existing body of research.
It should furnish knowledge in which professional researchers will be
interested. The quality of the project report must reflect a high level of
scholarship. The report must be written in the University-approved format
recommended in this manual and in the style of the manual approved by the
department. The completed working copy must be submitted to your adviser for
final suggestions and
GENERAL INFORMATION
5
comments. The finished report must be publishable as it stands. Number of
Copies and Binding Two copies of your report must be submitted unless your
adviser specifies otherwise. One copy is given to your adviser; the other is
deposited in the department files. Your project should be submitted in whatever
type of report covers or binding specified by the department for which the
project is prepared. You are responsible for any expenses incurred in the
preparation of your research project. Deadlines The final copies of the
research project report must be submitted to the research adviser fourteen days
preceding the date of graduation. Completed and signed approval forms for the
research project must be filed in the Academic Records Office no later than
noon on Friday, one week preceding graduation exercises, unless an earlier time
is specified by the department.
THESES
A thesis advances a position or proposition and seeks to maintain it by
argument. While a research project is considered a departmental endeavor, the
thesis is a University endeavor. Furthermore, the thesis is a more in-depth
study and usually more lengthy. If you are required or elect to write a thesis,
you are guided by a two- or three-member thesis committee nominated by the
department chair or program director. You must first submit a proposal to your
thesis committee. The proposal includes (1) the statement of the problem, with
an introduction and/or background; (2) the purpose or need of the study; (3) a
brief description of the literature and research relevant to the problem; and
(4) the proposed methods and procedures that are to be used to solve the problem.
Content and Quality The thesis must be concerned with some problem in your area
of concentration. It should be a contribution to the existing body of research
and furnish knowledge in which the scholarly community is interested. The
substantive content follows the ideas outlined in the proposal and includes the
results, conclusions, and recommendations yielded by the study. The quality of
the thesis must reflect a high level of scholarship. It must be written in the
Universityapproved format recommended in this manual and in the style of the
manual approved by the department in which you are enrolled. When the content
of the thesis has been approved by the thesis committee, it must be submitted
before the defense to the dissertation secretary who checks the format for
conformity with University standards. Abstract A 150-word abstract must be
submitted with the thesis. For details on the abstract, see Exhibit B. Number
of Copies and Binding The University requires three copies of the thesis
(including the abstract and an approval sheet signed by the thesis committee
members). These three copies are submitted unbound to the dissertation
secretary; your account is charged for the binding of all three copies. After
binding, one copy is placed in the Adventist Heritage Center, one is given to
the James White Library, and one is returned to the department in which you did
your work. (If you desire additional copies, special arrangements must be made
for the binding and mailing of these
6
STANDARDS FOR W RITTEN W ORK
copies.) Deadlines You should register initially for thesis credit no later
than one quarter prior to graduation. A typed copy of the thesis must be
approved by the thesis committee and then submitted to the dissertation
secretary. At least two weeks before conferral of the degree, the final copy of
the thesis should be returned to the dissertation secretary for approval. Three
copies of the thesis, including an abstract and the approval sheet, must be
submitted to the dissertation secretary at least 10 days before graduation.
DISSERTATIONS
The Theological Seminary and the School of Education have prepared handbooks
that spell out specific details concerning all aspects of preparing, writing,
and completing dissertations for all doctoral degrees. If you are a doctoral
student, be reminded that: 1. The length restriction on doctoral abstracts has
been removed. 2. Ed.D., Ph.D., Th.D., and D.Min. candidates must submit a
master copy of the dissertation, including signed approval page, to the
dissertation secretary at least two weeks before graduation. From this master
copy, four copies will be made for the University (three copies are made for
D.Min. students). At this point, the dissertation secretary will notify the
Academic Records Office that you have completed your dissertation. This must
take place no later than Wednesday, 10 days preceding graduation. (Your master
copy will be returned to you.) 3. You are expected to follow the rules of
format recommended by Andrews University and outlined in this manual. 4. You
must make arrangements with the dissertation secretary for the duplicating,
binding, and mailing of any additional copies made for personal use.
Chapter 2
CONTENTS OF THE WRITTEN WORK
ARRANGEMENT OF CONTENTS
Every project report, thesis, and dissertation is composed of three parts:
preliminary pages, text, and reference materials. In addition, each thesis and
dissertation must have an abstract. All the pages of these parts are presented
in a certain order and are counted and/or numbered according to specific rules.
Listed below is the order in which the pages appear and pertinent remarks
regarding them. Full descriptions of the various parts of the paper follow.
Abstract
Since the abstract with its title page never exceeds four pages, there is no
need to number its pages. Blank page Abstract title page Abstract Page is
neither counted nor numbered. See Exhibit A. See Exhibit B. Word-limit
restrictions have been removed.
Preliminary pages
Preliminary pages are numbered at the bottom of the page in lower-case roman
numerals and centered under the text. Title page A title page must appear in
all papers. The format is the same except for the name of the department. This
page is usually p. i, but the number does not appear on the page. See Exhibits
C, D, and E. The title page for an honors project has its own form. This page
is neither numbered nor counted. If a copyright is desired, notice should
appear as follows: © Copyright by John M. Doe 2008 All Rights Reserved The
copyright notice is placed in the middle of the page or near the lower left
corner (within the margins). The current cost for copyrighting is $65. Approval
page Approval page varies according to department and degree. See Exhibits F to
I. Some programs provide this page; check with the program secretary. This is
p. ii, but the number does not appear. Optional. If you make a dedication, keep
it brief. It is p. iii. The table of contents must reflect the first three
levels of subheadings used; it may (but does not need to) include the fourth
level. See Exhibit J. Ordinarily the first page of the contents is numbered
iii; it is numbered iv when there is a dedication. 7
Blank page (or) Copyright page
Dedication Table of Contents
8
STANDARDS FOR W RITTEN W ORK
List of Illustrations (or Figures) List of Tables
When two or more illustrations (or figures) are in your text, a list of
illustrations is required. See Exhibit K. When two or more tables appear in
your text, include a list of tables. If both the list of tables and the list of
illustrations can fit comfortably on one page, this is preferred. See Exhibit
K. A paper that uses abbreviations—especially in footnotes as done in the
Seminary— must have a list of abbreviations. See Exhibit L. A preface and/or
acknowledgments is optional. See Exhibit M.
List of Abbreviations
Preface/ Acknowledgments
Text
All pages of the text and all reference materials that follow the text are
numbered with consecutive arabic numerals. All page numbers are placed 3/4 inch
from the bottom center of the page (i.e., outside the margin). Normally, this
is two lines below the bottom line of a full page of text. Introduction An
introduction may be used at the beginning of a two-part paper to introduce the
format of the study; it may be used before chapter l to set the stage for what
follows; or it may be chapter 1, so titled. The main body of the paper
describes the study. The summary and/or conclusion is usually the last chapter
and can be so titled; however, in some papers, especially where there is an introduction
that is not chapter 1, a summary may follow the final discussion of the
problem, methods, and findings of the study. When recommendations are made,
they usually appear as a part of the final chapter or at the close of the
summary and conclusions.
Body of paper Summary or Conclusion
Recommendations
Appendix and bibliography/reference list
The appendix material follows the text and is numbered consecutively in arabic
numerals. Cover sheet(s) or half-title pages Cover sheets are optional. They can
be used to group and/or identify appendix materials. These pages, if used, are
counted, but page numbers do not appear on them. Each appendix is listed
separately by number (or letter) in the table of contents. Grouping like
materials in one appendix is recommended unless there are very few items. The
appendix title and number appear either on a cover sheet or at the top of the
first page of each appendix. If like items are grouped together, a cover sheet
is recommended. For example, it is best to have all letters grouped in one
appendix rather than have a separate appendix for each letter. If page numbers
already appear on the
Appendix(es)
CONTENTS OF THE W RITTEN W ORK
9
appendix material, place your new page numbers in the bottom right-hand corner in
square brackets. Glossary/List of Abbreviations A glossary at the end of the
paper is optional and is seldom used. In Seminary papers, it is preferable to
have the list of abbreviations at the beginning of the paper. Unknown terms
needing explanation usually appear as definitions in the first chapter.
Optional. A cover sheet is not used unless the same device is used for the
appendixes.
Cover sheet or half-title page for bibliography/ reference list Bibliography or
Reference List
In most cases, it is preferable for the bibliography to appear in one list
rather than in several categories. Other scholars will find it much simpler to
search one list rather than search through several categories to locate items
of particular interest. If two or more categories are deemed essential, keep
them to an absolute minimum and only with the approval of the adviser. A brief
résumé (one page) in list format of your educational and professional
accomplishments is required for all School of Education and D.Min. dissertations
and theses. The last sheet that appears in your work is blank.
Vita
Blank page
THE ABSTRACT
The abstract—a brief, comprehensive summary of the contents of the
document—-appears at the beginning of each thesis or doctoral dissertation. It
consists of a title page and the abstract. Exhibit A shows a sample abstract
title page. Note that the inch indicators shown in the margins of the sample
page are measured from the top edge of the page. Seminary students are to use
the term adviser on the title page of theses or dissertations; Education
students use the term chair. Abstracts for theses and dissertations are no
longer restricted to a certain number of words. An abstract that is dense with
information, concise, and quickly comprehensible will increase the audience and
future retrievability of the document. Embedding keywords in the abstract will
enhance other researchers’ ability to find it in a database. Abstracts written
for formal research are frequently, though not necessarily, divided into four sections.
See Exhibit B.
Abstract Content
Abstracts that give a report of an empirical study describe: The Problem The
Method A clear statement of the purpose of the study—in one sentence if
possible. A clear but brief description of the subjects and pertinent
characteristics (number,
10
STANDARDS FOR W RITTEN W ORK
age, gender, etc.) and the experimental methods that are used (data-gathering
procedures, apparatus, instruments, etc.). The Results Conclusions A report on
the findings, including statistical significance levels. A list of conclusions,
implications, recommendations, and applications.
Abstracts that review a theoretical or philosophical study include: The Topic
The Purpose The Sources A clear statement, in one sentence if possible. A
statement that describes the organizing construct and scope of the paper. An
indication of the basic published literature used and/or personal observations
involved. A statement of conclusions reached with implications or applications.
Conclusions
PRELIMINARY PAGES
The preliminary pages follow a set format prescribed by the University. Title
Page The title page gives the name of the University and of the particular
department in which you are enrolled. Also included is the title of the study,
the course or degree for which the paper is submitted, the author's name, and
the date. Honors projects have a special title page. Approval Page The approval
page varies according to the department and degree. Be sure to choose the one
appropriate to your department and for the degree you are pursuing. See
Exhibits F through I. Consult with adviser for proper form. Table of Contents
and Lists The table of contents recommended by Andrews includes at least three
levels of subheadings. A fourth level is optional. Chapter titles in the
contents should be written in all capitals; subheadings are written in headline
style for the first three levels and in sentence style for the fourth. When
using Turabian headline style, do not capitalize articles, coordinate
conjunctions, prepositions, or “to” used as part of an infinitive. For APA
headline style, capitalize every word of four or more letters regardless of the
word's function. The subheads in the table of contents should appear precisely
as they appear in the text of the paper. Exhibit J has a sample table of
contents. Lists of tables and illustrations also follow the headline style of
writing. The wording of the titles of tables in the list should correspond
precisely with that used in the tables as they appear in the text. The wording
in the list of illustrations should correspond exactly with the initial portion
of the legend that appears beneath the illustrations in the text. If the legend
is expanded to give further explanatory information, the expanded portion is
not included in the list. See Exhibit K.
CONTENTS OF THE W RITTEN W ORK
11
When a list of abbreviations is included in the paper, the list is arranged
alphabetically according to the abbreviation. The abbreviations (usually in
capitals) appear in the left-hand column, with the source they stand for in the
right-hand column. Publishing information is not included in the list of
abbreviations; however, on rare occasions the name of the author(s) or
editor(s) may be included. See Exhibit L. Preface, Acknowledgments, and Dedication
The preface gives a brief insight into the paper presented. See Exhibit M. The
preface usually ends with the acknowledgments. If you write acknowledgments
only, simply entitle the page "Acknowledgments." Some writers like to
add a page of dedication. If you use one, make it brief. It follows the
approval page. See Turabian, 7th ed., pp. 386-87, for recommendations.
MAIN BODY OF TEXT
Chapters Chapter numbers may be written in roman numerals, words, or arabic
numerals, but used consistently throughout. Rules for Tables and Figures
(Illustrations) The preparation of tables and figures requires care regarding
spacing, arrangement of headings, and placement with respect to the text;
therefore, early consultation with the dissertation secretary is recommended.
(Students following Turabian style may choose from two different styles
regarding placement of table title and number. Students following APA style
must follow only one style. See below.) 1. Tables are numbered consecutively
throughout the text and appendix with arabic numerals. Table titles should be
presented in accordance with the style manual used in your department. 2.
Either double or single spacing may be used in creating visually appealing
tables. 3. A table of figure that takes up a half page or more should be
centered on a separate page. It can then be inserted into your paper
immediately after its first introduction. 4. Do not place short bits of
text—less than three lines—before, between, or after tables on a table page.
Two short tables or figures that are in succession and are first mentioned on
the same text page may share a page. 5. Open tables are preferred; boxed tables
may be used if they are short enough to be contained on one page; tables in
grids are not recommended. 6. A table may be continued over two or more pages.
However, a table that is continued must start at the very top of the page. On
the continued page, Table X—Continued. appears at the top left corner of the
continued table. A solid line at the end of the table shows that the table is
complete. 7. Illustrations include graphs, charts, plans, photographs,
diagrams, maps, etc. Sometimes it is advisable to group all illustrations in
one section (usually near the end of the paper). 8. Titles of tables appear
above the table; captions of figures appear below the figure.
12
STANDARDS FOR W RITTEN W ORK
9. A caption for a figure starts at the left-hand margin and is written in
sentence style. If the illustration fills the page so completely that there is
no room for the caption, the caption is centered on a facing page. In this
case, the page number appears on the page with the figure—no page number
appears on the facing page; however, the page is counted. (This format is most
typical of and frequently used in Biology papers.) 10. Tables or figures that
appear on a page with text must be preceded and followed by a quadruple space
(three single skipped lines). Turabian’s traditional style This style shows the
table number and title centered and in all capitals. For example:
TABLE 1 POPULATION BY STATE County Berrien Grayling Saginaw Males 22,515 9,624
42,167 Females 33,189 10,122 43,090
Turabian’s run-in style With Turabian's run-in style, the table number and
title start above the upper left margin of the table. Notice that in this style
the title goes no further to the left or right than the limits of the table and
a runover line is centered under the rest of the title. In this style, the
table title may be written in either sentence or headline style. For example:
Table 2. Factors Influencing Students’ Choice of Andrews University Masters’
Programs (N = 24) Response Length of program Flexible program Pleasant faculty
Percentage 22.1 30.2 15.7
APA style APA style recommends that the table number appear at the left margin
above the title. The table title is written in headline style and is
italicized. See sample below. Note that the APA manual shows table samples with
double-spaced lines. Remember that the APA manual shows you how to prepare
manuscripts for journal publication, whereas your dissertation/thesis is a
finished product for Andrews University. Therefore, double spacing in this case
is not mandatory. Single and line-and-a-half spacing may be used as well.
CONTENTS OF THE W RITTEN W ORK
13
Table 3 Frequencies—Age Group, Gender, and Moral Orientation Moral Orientation
Age Group Young Adults Mature Adults Totals Justice M F 7 6 13 5 2 7 Integrated
M F 6 3 9 10 8 1 8 Care M F 6 3 9 11 12 2 3 Totals Age M F Group 22 13 3 5 21
25 4 6 45 37 8 2
Note. M = males; F = females.
Rules for Subheads A paper is more readable when the chapters are divided into
sections, which in turn may be divided into subsections. Readability is further
enhanced by the titles customarily given to these sections and subsections.
Such titles, called subheadings, must be used in the correct order. (See
samples on next page.) 1. The most important subheadings, called first-level
subheadings, are centered and placed in boldface. 2. Second-level subheadings
are centered and in text type; they are not in boldface. 3. The third level
begins at the left margin and is in boldface. 4. The first three levels of
subheads are written in headline style. That is, when using Turabian, all words
are capitalized except coordinate conjunctions, articles, prepositions, and
"to" when used as part of an infinitive. APA capitalizes all words of
four or more letters. The last two levels (levels 4 and 5) of subheads appear
in sentence style (only first word and proper nouns capitalized). 5.
Fourth-level subheadings begin at the left-hand margin and are in text type. 6.
Fifth-level subheadings are indented and run into the paragraph; they are in
bold type and end with a period. 7. Centered subheads (and titles) may not
exceed 4¾ inches and are arranged in inverted-pyramid style. 8. Margin subheads
may not extend beyond mid-page. The left side is flush with the left margin;
the right is arranged in inverted-pyramid style. 9. Words in titles and
subheads may not be hyphenated at the end of a line; neither does punctuation
appear at the end of a line (except level 5, which ends with a period).
14
STANDARDS FOR W RITTEN W ORK
10. A triple space (skip 2 single lines) appears before subheads. See Exhibit
N. 11. A double space (skip 1 single line) appears after subheads. See Exhibit
N. 12. A subhead cannot be the last line on a page. At least one line of text,
preferably two, must appear after the subhead. Sample subheads:
Experimental Programs in North American Seventh-day Adventist Education
Level 1
(centered, bold)
Experimental Programs in Religion
Level 2
(centered, not bold)
Student-Teacher Cooperation in Syllabus Development
Level 3
(left margin, bold)
Level 4 Importance of student input
(left margin, not bold)
Students feel responsible. When the students . . .
Level 5
(indented, bold)
Summaries, Conclusions, and Recommendations Ordinarily a study is summarized at
the close, and the principal findings of the research are briefly stated. By
studying the table of contents and reading the summary, another researcher should
be able to determine whether or not further reading would contribute to his or
her own research. Recommendations, when made, usually appear at the close of
the summary chapter. In some papers, it may be advantageous to write a brief
overview of what the chapter contains at the beginning of each chapter and a
short summary of what the chapter has said at the close of each chapter.
However, this is not essential or even practical in all papers. Consult with
your committee adviser or chair on this point.
STUDENT-PREPARED QUESTIONNAIRES
Many research papers require student-prepared questionnaires. If your paper
requires such an instrument, be aware that your instrument must appear in the
appendix as it is presented to the respondents. Parts of the instrument may
also appear in the main body of your paper. With this in mind, observe the
following: 1. Each question/statement must be in the same tense and in parallel
grammatical construction. 2. Spelling, grammar, and punctuation must be
corrected before the instrument is used.
CONTENTS OF THE W RITTEN W ORK
15
3. Rules governing margins, spacing, etc., of the dissertation proper should be
followed in the preparation of the questionnaire.
APPENDIX AND REFERENCE PAGES
Appendix The appendix contains materials that are not essential to the paper
but that are useful to the reader. When the materials in the appendix fall into
several categories, group similar materials in one appendix. For example, all
letters should appear in one appendix, all maps in another, all tables in
another, etc. Each category of the appendix is given a number or a letter
(Appendix 1, Appendix 2, or Appendix A, Appendix B). Each category of the
appendix is numbered/lettered and titled. For example (centered on half-title
page or centered at the top of first page of the specific appendix): APPENDIX 1
LETTERS APPENDIX 2 QUESTIONNAIRES (or) APPENDIX A RAW DATA
Glossary A glossary may be included in a paper which uses many technical names
or foreign words likely to be unfamiliar to the reader. A list of words and
their definitions or translations would be very helpful. If all such words are
listed under Definitions of Terms in the main text, it is unnecessary to
include a glossary. Bibliography/Reference List List all bibliographic entries in
one alphabetical list. It is much easier to find a specific entry in such a
list and, therefore, is a courtesy to the reader. If two or more categories are
considered essential, keep the categories to an absolute minimum and make it
clear to the reader how the list is divided and why. The style for writing
bibliographical entries follows the recommendations of the particular
department for which you are writing. If your department permits more than one
style, establish with your adviser the style you are to follow at the very
outset of your study before typing or putting your material into a computer. Be
sure this information is written down and is always passed along to all
committee members, the dissertation secretary, and your typesetter each time
the material is distributed. Most but not all papers in Education follow APA
style (the latest edition); Biology theses follow the journal style most
appropriate for the publication of the specific topic; certain departments
recommend the style of a specific journal or manual appropriate to the
discipline; and Religion and Seminary papers follow Turabian, BASOR, or SBL
Handbook of Style. Certain types of entries used in the Seminary (Turabian) are
somewhat modified—examples are shown in this manual. There may be a time when a
particular topic lends itself to an alternate style. This is especially true of
papers in Religious Education, which are more apt to use Turabian than APA. It
is very important to establish very early in your writing the style you are
going to use. Modified styles presented in this manual and preferred primarily
for theology, religion, and religious education papers take precedence over
those presented in other style manuals. Papers using Turabian usually include a
bibliography that lists every source cited and other works that were consulted
but not cited.
16
STANDARDS FOR W RITTEN W ORK
Papers in APA include a reference list, which includes only those sources
mentioned in the paper. In all three cases, all sources quoted or mentioned in
the text must appear in the bibliography/reference list. Vita A vita, the last
entry in a paper, is required for all School of Education and D.Min.
dissertations. No set form exists for a vita, but it should be very brief—no
more than one page.
Chapter 3
THE MECHANICS OF PREPARATION
MARGINS
For theses and dissertations, the left-hand margin must be at least 1½ inches
and all other margins must be at least one full inch. The initial page of a
chapter or a major section (i.e., table of contents, bibliography, etc.) has a
full 2-inch margin at the top of the page. For term papers, a left-hand margin
of one inch is preferred. Margins may be slightly larger than prescribed, but
they may not be smaller.
PAGE NUMBERS
All pages are numbered at the bottom center of the page, approximately ¾ inch
from the bottom edge of the paper no matter where the text ends. At least one
double space (skip one single line) must appear, however, between the last line
of text and the page number. Placement of numbers must be consistent so all
page numbers appear in the same place on every page. Page numbers do not have
any periods or other embellishments. Pages in the appendix that have xeroxed
pages or original sources, such as tests or other instruments that already
carry numbers, are numbered consecutively with your paper, but the numbers may
be placed just inside the margin in the bottom right-hand corner and within
square brackets.
SPACING
General Rules All text is double spaced. Block quotations are single spaced.
Paragraphs are indented one-half inch and block quotations are indented
one-quarter inch. (A block quotation is a direct quote of five or more lines
[Turabian and SBL] or 40 or more words [APA].) Runover lines of bibliographic
entries are indented one-half inch. Use a ragged right margin rather than a
justified margin. The last line of a paragraph should not appear at the top of
a page (widow line) unless it reaches at least to the midpoint of the page.
Specific Spacing Rules Four spaces (skip three single lines) When a table or
figure appears on a page with text, leave four spaces (skip three single lines)
both above and beneath the table or figure. Triple space (skip two single
lines) Triple spacing is used 1. between chapter number and chapter title 2.
between chapter title and whatever follows 3. before subheads that are followed
by text.
17
18
STANDARDS FOR W RITTEN W ORK
Double space (skip one single line) Double spacing is used 1. between lines of
the text 2. between lines of a two-line title 3. between subheads and text that
follows 4. between subsequent (or consecutive without intervening text)
subheads 5. between footnotes 6. between bibliography entries 7. between
captions in a list of tables or illustrations 8. between footnote line (which
is 20 spaces long) and the first footnote (Note this rule carefully as it is
here that many problems arise when material is entered into the computer.) 9.
between main divisions of table of contents and subsections 19. between table
number and table title when using either the traditional (Turabian) or APA
styles. Single space Single spacing is used 1. between lines of the title, a
chapter title, and table titles when they are more than two lines in length 2.
between lines of subheads that are more than one line long 3. between lines in
a block quotation 4. between lines of a footnote 5. between lines of entries in
the bibliography 6. between lines of a source note below tables and figures 7.
between lines of the subsections in the table of contents 8. between lines of a
caption in a list of tables or illustrations 9. between text (no matter where
it ends) and the 20-space footnote line 10. between some entries in a long
table. Spacing of tables and illustrations (figures) When tables are typed, the
overall size of the table, the limitations of margins, and "eye
appeal" should all be considered. Use double spacing, space and a half, or
even single spacing to produce the best-appearing, most-readable, and practical
table. In some cases it may be necessary to reduce the size of the table to
show it to best advantage and still comply with the margin limitations. In that
event, the page number must be added after the reduction process. Spacing after
punctuation 1. One space follows commas (including Bible texts and page
numbers), semicolons, and colons used in the text and references. One space
follows periods used with initials of personal names. 2. Either one or two
spaces follow end-sentence punctuation (but consistently done). Use only one
space after periods in references. 3. No spaces appear a. after periods of
abbreviations (except for personal names) b. between chapter and verse in
Scripture references c. between hour and minutes in time d. between volume and
pages in references e. between components of a ratio f. before and after
hyphens or dashes. 4. Ellipsis points are used only in quoted material and have
one space before and after each of three dots used to indicate omitted
material. Four dots, with no space before the first dot, indicate material
omitted at the end of a sentence—the first dot represents the period. Do not
use ellipsis points at the beginning or end
MECHANICS OF PREPARATION
19
of any quotation unless it is necessary to avoid misinterpretation of the
quotation.
WORD DIVISION
In general, words at the ends of lines should be divided only when absolutely
necessary, and then according to syllabication as shown in the dictionary.
Never make a one-letter division; avoid two-letter divisions; divide hyphenated
words only at the hyphen; and never divide the last word in a paragraph, the
last word of the text, or the last word on the page. Avoid placing two hyphens
in a row at the right margin. More than two are not permitted. Turabian (7th
ed.) has an excellent section on "Line Breaks” (20.4).
ITALICS
Place in italics (never underlining) foreign words and titles of books,
journals, and magazines. Italics for emphasis should be used very sparingly.
Chapter 4
ADDITIONAL SUGGESTIONS FOR WRITING FORMAL PAPERS
FOREIGN LANGUAGE IN TEXT
Questions concerning the language to be used arise in many dissertations.
Ordinarily, only one language should be used in the main body of the text. A
direct quote, therefore, in a foreign language should be translated or taken
from a translation. If the wording in the original language is important, the
translation should be given in the text and the original in the footnote. If
there is to be systematic discussion of the meaning of the language of the
original, the quotation may be given in the text. When the quote is taken from
an edition other than the original text, the reference to that edition is
given; when it is taken from a translation the reference to the translation is
given. The most authoritative edition of the text, if several editions are
available, should be used. You should discuss this problem with your thesis or
dissertation committee chair or adviser so that you reach an agreement on how
the foreign language is to be treated before you begin to write.
WHO ARE “WE”?
Do not use the editorial "we." "We" did not carry out the
research, choose the topic, or make any conclusions. However, you may assume
that your reader is following along with you (e.g., "We now turn to"
or "Let us now look at"). Writing in the third person (i.e., using
"this writer," "this researcher") gives the impression that
you did not take part in the research, or that you are distancing yourself from
what you have done. Either use the first person—"I instructed the
students"—or recast the sentence to say "Students were instructed."
KEEP THE HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
When you are writing, keep in mind your reader who may be reading in the
future. For example, if you write "Today's educators promote
[something]," consider how your statement may be understood in the year
2020. It is better to clarify such a statement with "Educators in the
1980s promote [something]." Also consider carefully the historical
perspective of your subject, especially in your literature review. Comparisons,
agreements, or disagreements should be thought out very carefully. For example,
it would be misleading to say that Brown, who died in 1920, disagreed with
Smith, who wrote in 1965. It would be permissible, however, for Smith, in 1965,
to express an opinion that disagrees with what Brown wrote in 1915. Also,
because of disparity of the dates, Brown and Smith can hardly concur with one
another. It would be possible for Smith to concur with Brown's opinion,
however. Another historical problem that confuses many non-Adventist readers is
the writings of Ellen G. White. If her writings are used in a historical
setting, it is important to include the date when the quoted statement was made
as well as the date of a compilation, which was probably done years after her
death.
SUGGESTIONS FOR USE OF VERB TENSE
Some general principles concerning the use of verb tenses in written research
reports should be kept in mind. 1. References made to the study itself are in
the past tense. You are commenting on work you did 20
ADDITIONAL SUGGESTIONS FOR W RITING FORM AL PAPERS
21
before the report was written. 2. The discussion within the report that
interprets the data presented may be in the present or past tense. 3.
Principles that you identified, formulated, or created may be stated in the
present tense. 4. A timeless principle that you use but that has been
identified by someone else may be stated in the present tense. Examples Tense
1. Past
Occasion References made to the study itself in explaining procedures,
analyses, etc., during the course of the study. Example: The instrument was
refined, the data analyzed, and the findings summarized. Speaking directly to
the reader in explanation or interpretation. Example: Table 5 shows that most
people like oranges. Example: Table 5 shows that most people liked oranges.
2.
Present or combination of present and past
The reference to the table is always present, but the interpretation of the
data may be expressed either in the present or the past. 3. Present or past
Referring to other researchers. Example: Freud differed with Skinner where
personality development is concerned. Example: Freud differed with Skinner
where personality development was concerned.
When writing from the view of the historical past, use the past tense. If
stating what carries weight now, use the present tense. It is usually easier to
write in the active voice in the present tense, and the active voice is usually
easier to read. 4. Present Referring to principles you or other researchers
identified. Example: Bodies that are heavier than air fall toward the earth.
Example: Husbands differ from wives when it comes to child-rearing practices.
When reviewing other persons' research reports. Example: Jones (1963) found
that children did not like interacting with hostile parents. Example: Jones
(1963) found that children do not like interacting with hostile parents.
5.
Past, present, or a combination
Keep in mind when reporting on the research of others that there is the chance
that the researcher has at some point changed opinions. You may write: "In
his 1968 study, Brown states that this test revealed . . ." Or you can
say: "Brown (1968) stated that this test revealed . . ." However, it
may give a false impression to state unequivocally: "Brown states that
this test reveals . . ."
22
STANDARDS FOR W RITTEN W ORK
USE GENDER-INCLUSIVE LANGUAGE
For almost twenty years, the editors of many professional journals have been
advocating the use of gender-inclusive language for the articles they print.
This is especially true of those who prepare journals representing disciplines
that include many women (i.e., education, library science, and nursing). The
National Council of Teachers of English (NCTE), among others, makes several
suggestions as to how to handle the general problems of sexist language.
Omission of Women 1. Man in its original sense carried the dual meaning of
adult human and adult male, but its meaning has come to be so closely
identified with adult male that the generic use of man and other words with
masculine connotation should be avoided whenever possible. Example mankind
man-made the common man Alternative humanity synthetic, manufactured,
machine-made the average person, ordinary people
2. The use of man in occupational terms where persons holding the jobs could be
either male or female should be avoided. Example chairman Alternative
coordinator (of a committee or a department) moderator (of a meeting),
presiding officer, head, chair flight attendant police officer
steward, stewardess policeman, policewoman
3. Since there is no generic singular pronoun to denote gender, we have used
he, his, and him in such expressions as "the student . . . he." Seek
alternative approaches to avoid the exclusion of women. a. Recast into plural.
Example Give each student his paper as soon as he is finished. b. Reword to
eliminate problem. Example The average student is worried about his grade.
Alternative Give students their papers as soon as they are finished.
Alternative The average student is worried about grades.
ADDITIONAL SUGGESTIONS FOR W RITING FORM AL PAPERS
23
c. Replace masculine pronoun with one, you (only in informal text), or (very
sparingly) he or she. Example Alternative If the student was satisfied with his
score, The student who was satisfied with his he took the test. or her score
took the test. If he passes the test, he has the option to go on to the next
unit. d. Alternate male and female expressions. Example Let each student take
an active role. Has he had a chance to talk? Does he feel left out? One who
passes the test has the option to go on to more difficult problems.
Alternative Let each student take an active role. Has she had a chance to talk?
Does he feel left out?
e. Certain phrases assume that all readers are men. Example Alternative The
delegates and their wives were invited The delegates and their spouses were
invited to a dinner. to a dinner. Demeaning Women 1. Men and women should be
treated in parallel terms in descriptions, marital status, and titles. Example
the lady doctor Senator Percy and Shirley Chisholm Alternative the doctor
Charles Percy and Shirley Chisholm Mr. Percy and Mrs. Chisholm Senator Percy
and Representative Chisholm
2. Terms that patronize or trivialize women should be eliminated. Example gal
Friday ladies poetess coed Gender-Role Stereotyping 1. Women should be shown as
participating on an equal basis. The statement "Charles is a male
nurse" and "Louise is a woman doctor" are equally objectionable.
Alternative assistant women (unless ladies is paired with gentlemen) poet
student
24
STANDARDS FOR W RITTEN W ORK
Example Executives become so involved with business that they neglect their
wives and children. Jane's husband lets her have a part-time job. 2. Jobs and
roles should not be stereotyped. Example The elementary teacher . . . she . . .
The principal . . . he . . . A nurse . . . she . . . Have your mother send a
lunch with you.
Alternative Executives become so involved with business that they neglect their
families. Jane works part time.
Alternative Elementary teachers . . . they . . . Principals . . . they . . .
Nurses . . . they . . . Ask your parents to send a lunch with you.
Research Those involved in writing up the results of their research should keep
in mind the following counsel from Guidelines for Nonsexist Use of Language in
NCTE Publications. 1. Careful consideration should be given to the methodology
and content of research to ensure that it carries no sexist implications. (This
does not deny the legitimacy of research designed, for example, to study gender
differences in the performance of certain skills.) 2. The sample population
should be carefully defined. If both males and females are included, references
to individual subjects in the report of the research should not assume that
they are male only. 3. The examples used for case studies should be balanced in
numbers of male and female subjects if both genders were involved in the study.
Chapter 5
SPECIFIC CONCERNS FOR THOSE USING TURABIAN
Before you start to work on the references for your term paper, thesis,
research project, or doctoral dissertation, make sure that Turabian-style
references are those preferred by your department and/or chair. Certain types
of references lend themselves to certain disciplines. Footnotes follow
different guidelines. The style recommended by Andrews University is that which
is designated notes-bibliography style in Turabian's Manual (7th ed.). Specific
recommendations for certain types of footnotes used primarily in papers using
Turabian appear in this chapter and in Appendix A.
FOOTNOTES (GENERAL)
Footnote are numbered consecutively for each chapter. Because dissertations
will eventually be reproduced on microfilm and/or microfiche, you must be aware
that while footnotes may be presented in a typeface smaller than the text, they
may not under any circumstances be in a typeface smaller than 10 points.
Anything smaller is virtually unreadable in fiche. The first note to a
reference includes all the facts of publication. Subsequent footnotes to the
same work are given in a shortened form. References to E. G. White's books should
follow the same guidelines as other works. Abbreviations familiar to
Seventh-day Adventists may be used in the text only when the research deals
specifically with White's writings. In such a case, a list of abbreviations
must be included in the preliminary pages, and the date of the writing (as well
as the date of the edition quoted—if there is a difference) should be
indicated.
FOOTNOTES (SPECIFIC)
Several specific suggestions are given here to guide the writing of footnotes.
1. Turabian's Manual (7th ed.) recommends that when an author's full name
appears in the text, only the surname need appear in the footnote reference.
For Seminary papers, in the first reference to a work, whether in the text or
in a footnote, the author's name should appear as given on the title page of
the work cited. However, should the title page carry the author's surname only,
the first initial should be supplied from some other source if at all possible.
2. Turabian (7th ed., 23.2.4) gives a detailed table for using continued or
inclusive page numbers in references. You may use this system or you may write
out all numbers; whichever system you use, follow it consistently throughout
the paper. 3. Footnotes for encyclopedia signed articles should include the
following sequence of information: Author, article title, name of encyclopedia,
edition, date, volume, and page number(s) for the first citation of the
article. However, unsigned encyclopedia articles are written with the name of
the encyclopedia first, followed by the number of the edition and s.v. with the
name of the article—as recommended by Turabian 17.5.3. (Bible dictionary and
lexicon references follow the same form as that used for encyclopedias except
that publishing information is included in the bibliography.) 25
26
STANDARDS FOR W RITTEN W ORK
4. References for commentaries with unsigned articles include the following
sequence: Article title, commentary title, name of editor, place of publisher,
publisher, date, and volume and page number. In commentaries such as the SDA
Bible Commentary, some articles appear on specific subjects. Where this occurs,
the article title can be used. Comments on the Bible text, however, often
appear without a specific title. In this instance, use the title of the book
under discussion (e.g., "Isaiah"—in quotation marks) as the article
title and follow with the pertinent information. (See sample of correct form in
the appendix.) 5. References for journal articles should follow Turabian 17.2.
The month or season designation may be omitted, leaving only the year date,
unless each issue starts pagination at page 1. However, it may be a courtesy to
your reader to leave in the month or season to facilitate his/her research. If
the volume year spans two or more calendar years, the years should be
hyphenated and only one space follows the colon before the page number—i.e.,
JSOT 1 (1978-79): 34. Turabian 17.2.7 provides helpful information regarding
online journals. 6. When a reprint edition is used, imprint information as the
original source may be limited to whatever information is available in the
reprinted edition itself (usually appearing on the front or back of the title
page). Paperback editions may be referenced with whatever information is
available in the specific paperback edition itself. In both cases, however,
students must realize that in certain papers which deal with historical
sequence or with systematic thought development of a particular author—or where
the date of a reprint might mislead the reader—it is very important to include
original publication dates. Seek your adviser's counsel in this matter. 7.
Since the purpose of references is to identify sources and to make it easy for
the reader to locate them, supplementary information such as translators,
authors of forewords and introductions, names of lecture series, colloquia,
etc., are optional unless they are of specific importance in any given case. 8.
References to ancient and medieval works (such as classical, patristic, and
rabbinic sources) should use arabic numbers (as recommended in Turabian
17.5.1). Note that no spaces occur between periods and numerals, but spaces do
follow commas and semicolons. 9. Abbreviations may be used in footnotes for
commonly used sources (but never in the bibliography). If such sources are abbreviated,
a list of abbreviations must appear in the preliminary pages of the paper.
Counsel with your thesis or dissertation committee members and determine their
preference on this matter before writing. (See information on abbreviations
below.) 10. When Bible references are used, they are assumed to be from the
King James Version unless otherwise indicated. Other versions should be
indicated immediately following the reference, whether in the body of the text
or in a footnote, i.e., Luke 4:1 (RSV); Mark 1:10 (Moffat). When a version
other than King James is the primary source for references, you must state this
in a footnote with the first reference. In such a case, the King James Version
as well as any others used must be noted each time a text is cited. 11. The
title of a set of commentaries (ICC, NICOT, etc.) used as an often-quoted
source may be abbreviated, provided it appears in a list of abbreviations. Each
time a new contributing author of an article for a commentary is introduced,
the footnote follows the requirements for a first footnote. 12. When
referencing a series, the name of the series (abbreviated, if appropriate) and
the item should be supplied; however, the name of the series editor may be
omitted. Each time a different author from the series is cited, the footnote
follows the requirements of a first footnote.
SPECIFIC CONCERNS FOR THOSE USING TURABIAN
27
13. Remember that every direct quote (whether in the text or written as a
block) must have a reference. The reference number appears immediately after
the quotation mark (when in the text) or at the end of the block. Other
specific information, whether a direct quote or not, should also be referenced.
14. Electronic media: In order to provide a useful reference to an electronic
source, direct your reader to the information being cited, not the home page or
menu pages. Make sure your URL address works. Test the URLs on a frequent
basis, and especially before submitting your final document. Retain copies of
your downloaded material until the paper or dissertation has been successfully
defended. See Turabian 17.7 for citing from web sites, weblog entries, and
electronic mailing lists. It is impossible for any manual to give detailed
information to cover every type of reference. If your paper requires
specialized types of references, you should meet with your adviser, department
chair, and/or thesis or dissertation committee when you begin writing. The form
to be followed for specialized references should be agreed upon and written
down. A typed copy of the agreed-upon style should be presented to each
committee member, the dissertation secretary, and your typesetter whenever
reading, editing, or typesetting is done so that all are aware of the style and
consistency can be maintained throughout the paper. Some sample entries
typically used in theological papers appear in Appendix A of this manual.
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL ENTRIES
Students using Turabian footnotes must use Turabian bibliography entries. The
appendix of this manual has some examples of entries that are typical of the
theology discipline. These are given for the convenience of students in the SDA
Theological Seminary or in Religious Education. Follow the following rules for
bibliographical entries: 1. Bibliographic entries should appear in one
alphabetical list. If more than one category is considered essential,
categories must be kept to an absolute minimum and be carefully explained. 2.
Runover lines in bibliographic entries are indented one-half inch. 3. Entries
are single spaced; a double space appears between entries. 4. One entry should
not be split between two pages. 5. Every source (except Bible versions) used in
the text must be referenced in the bibliography.
ABBREVIATIONS
The list of common abbreviations given by Turabian (see chap. 24) and the rules
that govern them are generally to be followed. However, there are a few
exceptions. 1. Turabian 24.3.1 gives the abbreviations for states and
territories to be used in footnotes and bibliographies. 2. Always spell out the
words “appendix,” “line,” “lines,” and (in Seminary papers) “versus.” The
abbreviation “etc.” is accepted in all papers, in text as well as footnotes.
Seminary papers also use the
28
STANDARDS FOR W RITTEN W ORK
following abbreviations in the text when they are followed by a number: chap.,
chaps.—“chapter,” “chapters”; v., vv.—“verse,” “verses.” Other abbreviations
accepted by nearly everyone in theological circles are OT, NT, MS, MSS, MT, and
LXX. These are used without periods and MS and MSS are used only for specific
citations. 3. The abbreviations “f.” or “ff.” are not to be used for pages in
books or an article. (If scattered information occurs, cite the exact page
references and add “passim.”) These abbreviations “f.” or “ff.” may
occasionally be used in connection with verses or with lines of a text; but, if
possible, the specific verses and specific lines should be indicated. 4.
Scripture references that include chapter and chapter and verse are to be
abbreviated. Scripture abbreviations are not followed by a period. 5.
References to biblical passages, Apocryphas, and Mishnah may be put in
parentheses in the text with prior consent of the thesis or dissertation
adviser. Standard abbreviations, as shown below, should be used. 6.
Abbreviations of theological sources may be used in footnotes, but only when a
list of abbreviations is included in the paper and with prior consent of the
thesis or dissertation adviser. 7. Biblical languages may be printed in Greek
or Hebrew characters or transliterated according to the scheme found inside the
back cover of each issue of Andrews University Seminary Studies. Either system
is acceptable, but the two should not be mixed. 8. For a list of abbreviations
of standard books and periodicals in religion and biblical studies, pseudepigraphical
and early patristic works, Dead Sea scrolls and related texts, targumic and
rabbinic materials, see Andrews University Seminary Studies 32 (Autumn 1994):
310-320. (This material is available in offprint form from the AUSS office, 132
Seminary Hall, 471-6203.) A longer list of the same kinds of abbreviations
appears in the Journal of Biblical Studies 107 (Spring 1988): 579-596 or on the
home page of the Society for Biblical Literature, http://scholar.cc.emory.edu.
A comprehensive list of abbreviations for books, book series, and journals
appears in Theologische Realenzyklopaedie: Abkurzungverzeichnis (Berlin: W. de
Gruyter, 1994). For Josephus, as for all other classical Greek authors, follow
the abbreviations listed in H. G. Liddell and R. Scott, eds., A Greek-English
Lexicon (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996). For Latin writers, use the forms
listed in the Oxford Latin Dictionary, ed. P. G. W. Glare (Oxford: Clarendon
Press, 1982). For other abbreviations, work closely with your adviser.
SPECIFIC CONCERNS FOR THOSE USING TURABIAN
29
Biblical Book Abbreviations It is suggested that all departments and schools
within the University use the biblical book abbreviations recommended in the
Seminary Style Guide. They are written with no periods. Gen Exod Lev Num Deut
Josh Judg Ruth 1 Sam 2 Sam 1 Kgs 2 Kgs 1 Chr 2 Chr Ezra Neh Esth Job Ps (Pss)
Prov Eccl Cant Isa Jer Lam Ezek Dan Hos Joel Amos Obad Jonah Mic Nah Hab Zeph
Hag Zech Mal Matt Mark Luke John Acts Rom 1 Cor 2 Cor Gal Eph Phil Col 1 Thess
2 Thess 1 Tim 2 Tim Titus Phlm Heb Jas 1 Pet 2 Pet 1 John 2 John 3 John Jude
Rev
Abbreviations are used when specific chapter or chapter-and-verse references
are given, not when the Bible book name alone is used. However, do not use
these abbreviations to begin a sentence, or within a subhead or chapter title.
Apocryphal References 1 Kgdm 2 Kgdm 3 Kgdm 4 Kgdm Add Esth Bar Bel 1 Esdr 2
Esdr 4 Ezra Jdt Ep Jer 1 Macc 2 Macc 3 Macc 4 Macc Pr Azar Pr Man Sir Sus Tob
Wis
Chapter 6
SPECIFIC CONCERNS FOR THOSE USING APA STYLE
IN-TEXT REFERENCES
In some disciplines, references are given in text and not as footnotes.
Complete information appears only in the bibliography or reference list. In the
text, only the essential portion of the reference is given (i.e., the surname
of the author(s), date of publication, and—where necessary—the page(s) of the
reference). The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association
(Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, [latest ed.]) provides
excellent material on how to write in-text references and how to make up a
reference list. Turabian's Manual (latest edition) also recommends a style for
in-text references. These are referred to as parenthetical references by
Turabian and designated PR in the sample pages. If these are used, then the
Turabian-style entries labeled RL in her manual should be used for the
Reference List. The in-text style generally recommended at Andrews University
and especially by the School of Education is APA. If you plan to write a major
paper using APA style, consider the APA Publication Manual an essential tool. A
brief review of APA in-text referencing is shown here; however, students using
this style should purchase a manual of their own to be apprised of all the
details. Citing One Author In 1985, Smith studied . . . or Smith (1985) studied
. . . or A recent study (Smith, 1985) indicates that . . . or The results of
the experiment (Smith, 1985, pp. 73-75) . . . or Smith (1985, chap. 5) gives a
summary . . . Citing Two Authors Smith and Johnson (1986) found . . . or A
recent study (Smith & Johnson, 1986) found . . . Note that when Smith and
Johnson appear in the text, the word and is written out. When the names appear
in parenthesis, an ampersand (&) is used.
Citing More than Two Authors First citation Smith, Johnson, and Brown (1985)
found . . . or One study (Smith, Johnson, & Brown, 1986) found . . .
30
SPECIFIC CONCERNS FOR THOSE USING APA STYLE
31
Subsequent citations Smith et al. (1985) found that . . . or One study (Smith
and others, 1985) found . . . or Smith and others (1985) found that . . . or
Another study (Smith et al., 1985) found that . . . Several Works at the Same
Point Same author Several studies (Smith, 1977, 1982, 1983) show . . .
Different authors Recent studies (Brown, 1984; Johnson & Smith, 1987;
Morrison, 1979; Smith, Abel, & Oglethorpe, 1982) indicate . . . Note that
the authors' names are listed in alphabetical order.
Several Studies by One Author in the Same Year Smith (1984a) has pointed out
that . . . or Several studies (Brown, 1980; Smith, 1985a, 1985b, in press)
indicate that . . . No Author Given Current information (Education Handbook,
1987) shows . . . Recent studies in this area ("Six Studies on
Learning," 1975) seem to show . . . Corporate Author Statistics released
(NIMH, 1986) seem to show . . . In the reference list this would be spelled out
as National Institutes of Mental Health. Other examples would be: (GC, 1975,
pp. 1-5) (NEA, 1979).
Authors with the Same Surname If two or more authors have the same surname, use
the initials or, if necessary, the complete name of each author in all
citations to avoid confusion. Personal Communication L. R. Brown (personal
communication, October 20, 1987) said . . . This form is used for letters,
memoirs, telephone conversations, etc., with the author; such references do not
appear in the reference list. Give a complete date.
Electronic Media As Rittenhouse (2001, para. 3) aptly phrased it, “There is no
need . . . ” “It is clear from classroom conditions today that . . . ”
(Jacobson, 2003, Conclusion section, ¶ 1). Oftentimes no page numbers are
provided with electronic sources. Therefore, use either paragraph numbers
(preceded by “para.” or “¶”), if visible, or document headings to direct the
reader to quoted material. Note that the web address (URL) does not go in the
in-text reference. It goes in the reference list.
32
STANDARDS FOR W RITTEN W ORK
Multivolume Works Style l: Smith (1983, 3:65) points out. . . or Style 2: Smith
(1982, vol. 3, p. 65) points out. . . Once a style has been chosen, it should
be used throughout the paper.
Secondary Source Brown (as cited in Smith, 1985) stated that. . . or A recent
study (Johnson, 1984, as cited in Smith, 1987) points out. . . Note: In the
reference list, only the source where you found the material is listed.
Translated, Reprinted, or Republished Works (Freud, 1933/1974) Note that the
first date is that of the original publication and the second is the date it
was republished, reprinted, or published in the translated form. This
information is especially useful if the study is following a historical
sequence.
Second Use of the Source A study or an author may be mentioned again without
the year as long as it is very clear to the reader which study is indicated.
APA suggests that the date should reappear with each new paragraph. This is
true if several studies are being compared or introduced. If one study is being
discussed, the date should appear just often enough to reassure the reader that
the same study is under consideration. The term ibid. is not used in APA
references. If the author and date are mentioned in the immediate text, the
page number only, e.g., (p. 6), appears in-text. If the authorship of the quote
may be in any doubt, the full reference, e.g., (Smith & Brown, 1986, p. 6),
must be repeated.
REFERENCING QUOTATIONS IN APA
Three types of quotations may be used in a paper: direct quotations, indirect
quotations, and block quotations. Direct quotations, which include block
quotations, always include a page-number reference. With indirect quotations,
be sure to include a page number whenever a specific opinion or important piece
of information is credited to a specific author even though you phrase that
opinion and/or information in your own words. Direct Quotation He stated,
"The entry of the child into the strange environment causes the disturbed
behavior" (Smith, 1985, p. 123), but he did not specify how the behavior
was disturbed. Smith (1985) did not specify how the child's behavior was affected,
but he did state that "entry of the child into the strange environment
caused disturbed behavior" (p. 123). Note here that the page reference
appears after the quotation mark but before the period.
Indirect Quotation
SPECIFIC CONCERNS FOR THOSE USING APA STYLE
33
In his study, Smith (1985) observed that when the child entered the strange
environment, disturbed behavior resulted (p. 123). Block Quotation A direct
quotation of 40 words or more should be treated as a block quotation. Note: The
final punctuation follows the material quoted. The reference follows the final
punctuation but is not followed by any punctuation.
Smith (1985) stated: After the child made some friends and identified with the
adult in charge, the disturbed behavior decreased. The time factor required for
this "settling in" process varied from child to child, depending on
the age of the child, the general atmosphere of the new environment, and the
temperaments of both the child and the adult involved. (p. 124)
REFERENCE LIST FOR APA PAPERS
The APA Publication Manual recommends a reference list, where each source
actually used in the paper must be included in the list. No extra works are
allowed (see APA, 2001, p. 215). However, APA advises that some committees may
require evidence that students are familiar with a broader spectrum of
literature. Therefore, if sources other than those actually used in the paper
are included, the reference list would be titled “Bibliography.” Rules for
Reference Lists 1. Reference lists should appear as one alphabetical list. 2.
Runover lines in references are indented by the regular default. 3. Entries are
single spaced. (APA manual shows double spacing for those preparing journal
copy for publication. Since you are preparing a document in final form, double
spacing is not used here.) A double space is used between entries. 4. One entry
should not be split between two pages. 5. When an author has several works,
each entry must provide the author's name (an eight-space line is not
permitted). 6. Several references by one author are arranged by year of
publication, the earliest first—not alphabetically by title. References by the
same author with the same publication date are arranged alphabetically by title
and assigned lowercase letters—a, b, c, etc. (see APA, 2001, p. 221). For
instance: Smith, B. J. (2000a). Specific concerns . . . Smith B. J. (2000b).
Trying to overcome . . . Note that italics—not underlining—is used for titles
of books/journals. 7. For the publisher’s name, use a “shortened” form. For instance:
Sage; Jossey-Bass; Macmillan.
34
STANDARDS FOR W RITTEN W ORK
Do not include “Publishing Company,” “Inc.,” or “Ltd.” However, the word
“Press” is retained, such as, Pacific Press. 8. No quotation marks are used for
the article titles in magazines/journals. 9. For books, brochures, and other
non-periodical publications, provide the city and state (or city only, if
well-known) of publication, followed by the publisher. Use the official
two-letter U.S. Postal Service abbreviations for states, with no periods (see
APA, 2001, pp. 217, 218). For instance: Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley. Garden
State, NY: Doubleday. New York: McGraw Hill. Note that New York is spelled out.
It is the city. You could put “New York, NY:” but for well-known cities, the
state does not need to be provided (Chicago, San Francisco, Los Angeles, etc.).
For cities that are not well-known, or there are several by the same name
(Aldine, Maplewood, Centreville, etc.), you must provide the state. (If the
state is not provided on the title page, try to identify the state through an
Internet search for that publisher.) 10. Titles of books are presented in lower
case, except for proper nouns. The first word after a colon is also
capitalized. For instance: From program to practice: A guide to beginning your
new career. 11. The titles of magazines and journals are presented in uppercase
and lowercase letters. The title is placed in italics, and is followed by the
volume number, also in italics. An issue number (if available) immediately
follows the volume number and is placed within parentheses (but not in
italics). This is followed by the pages numbers where the article was found
(not in italics). For instance: Allen, W. H. (1984). Learning teams and low
achievers. Social Education, 48, 60-64. Astin, A. W. (1987). Change.
Competition or Cooperation, 19(5), 12-19. Electronic Media The variety of
material available via the Internet can present challenges for providing useful
references. At a minimum, however, a reference for an Internet source should
provide a document title or description, date and/or date of retrieval, and an
URL address. Whenever possible, identify the authors of a document as well. See
pages 268-281 of the APA Publication Manual for excellent guidelines for
references to Internet sources. Observe the following two guidelines: 1. Direct
your reader as closely as possible to the information being cited—rather than
the home page or menu pages. 2. Provide URL addresses that work. Test the URLs
in your reference list on a regular basis—especially for the final document
submitted for publication. If the URL doesn’t work, your reader will not be
able to access the material you cited. Make sure the URL has been transcribed
and typed correctly—even to the dots and spaces. Always retain copies of
downloaded material until your paper or dissertation has been approved.
Examples of reference list entries are provided in Appendix B of this manual.
SPECIFIC CONCERNS FOR THOSE USING APA STYLE
35
ABBREVIATIONS IN APA PAPERS
If you use APA style, follow the abbreviation rules in the APA Publication
Manual (pp. 103-111). Abbreviations for states and territories (used in
reference list) are shown on p. 218. If your paper uses biblical references,
follow the abbreviations recommended above in the section for writers using
Turabian style. Note that biblical abbreviations are not followed by a period.
Chapter 7
SAMPLE STYLE SHEETS FOR PRELIMINARY PAGES
The following sample style sheets indicate the format for the abstract and for
preliminary pages required by the University. The stipulations are mandatory
except where otherwise specifically indicated. Not every study necessitates the
inclusion of all preliminary pages illustrated. For example, studies do not
always contain tables or figures. However, every preliminary page necessitated
by the nature of the study must follow the indicated form precisely.
36
[Exhibit A: Abstract title page]
[Approximate inches are measured from the top edge of the paper.]
[3"]
ABSTRACT
[4"]
STUDY OF THE CRITERIA AND SELECTIVE PROCESSES FOR ADMISSION OF UNDERGRADUATE
STUDENTS TO SEVENTH-DAY ADVENTIST COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES
[6"]
by Mary Jane White
Chair: Robert Williamson or Adviser: (for Seminary papers)
[7"]
37
[Exhibit B: Sample abstract]
[2"] [double space—skip 1 line] [triple space—skip 2 lines]
ABSTRACT OF GRADUATE STUDENT RESEARCH Dissertation
Andrews University
[double space—skip 1 line]
School of Education
[or whatever school your program represents]
[The word “Title” appears 4" from the top. If it is more than one line
long, single space and line up subsequent lines with the first letter of the
title.]
Title: VALUE SYSTEMS IN BLACK AND WHITE LOWER-CLASS CHILDREN Name of
researcher: John R. Brownly Name and degree of faculty chair: John J. Doe,
Ph.D. [Seminary students use faculty adviser.]
Date completed: June 1994
[triple space—skip 2 lines]
Problem Compensatory education programs have recently received extensive
publicity, particularly regarding the question of teaching values. This present
study was to determine to what extent the values of lower-class
African-American children differ from those of lower-class White children.
Method The Allport-Vernon-Lindzey Study of Values, modified for use with
children, furnished scores for six value classifications. The two-way analysis
of variance was used to analyze the influence of race and gender on each of the
six values. Thirty-six African-American and 26 White lower-class children in 38
Grades 5 and 6 were studied.
Results No differences appeared in the theoretical, economic, aesthetic, and
political values. The African Americans had a higher religious value than
Whites (p < .03), while Whites had a higher social value (p < .05).
Conclusions Differences in values of African-American and White lower-class
children do exist, but educators can use shared values when planning classes.
Apparently neither race nor social class significantly determines one’s values;
values differ within social classes and races according to other variables.
39
[Exhibit C: Title page—Doctoral dissertations]
[2.5"]
Andrews University Seventh-day Adventist Theological Seminary [appropriate
school title]
[4"]
STUDY OF THE CRITERIA AND SELECTIVE PROCESSES FOR ADMISSION OF UNDERGRADUATE
STUDENTS TO SEVENTH-DAY ADVENTIST COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES
[6"]
A Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the
Degree Doctor of Philosophy [or appropriate degree pursued]
[8"]
by Mary Jane White June 2005
[9.5"]
Volume 1
[Use only when paper has more than one volume.]
40
[Exhibit D: Title page—Master’s theses]
[2.5"]
Andrews University College of Arts and Sciences
[appropriate school]
[4.5"]
DEVELOPMENTAL GENE CONTROL IN ASPERGILLUS
[6"]
A Thesis Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree
Master of Science
[8.5"]
by Milton Tsung Chiu 2006
41
[Exhibit E: Title page—undergraduate Honors projects]
[2.5"]
Andrews University College of Arts and Sciences
[appropriate school]
[4.5"]
THE FACES OF ALIENATION IN SELECTED WORKS OF V. S. NAIPAUL
[If title requires more than two 48-space lines, arrange in three or more
single-space lines, in inverted pyramid.]
[6"]
An Honors Project Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for
HONS497 Senior Honors Research in English
[8.5"]
by Joy V. Roberts June 2007
42
SPECIFIC CONCERNS FOR THOSE USING APA STYLE
43
[Exhibit F: Approval page—Education: Ph.D. and Ed.D.]
[2"]
STUDY OF THE CRITERIA AND SELECTIVE PROCESSES FOR ADMISSION OF UNDERGRADUATE
STUDENTS TO SEVENTH-DAY ADVENTIST COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES
[3.5"]
A dissertation presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the
degree Doctor of Philosophy [Doctor of Education]
[5"]
by Mary Jane White
APPROVAL BY THE COMMITTEE:
[6.5"]
_____________________________ Chair: Robert Williamson
_________________________ Dean, School of Education James R. Jeffery
Member: Alice J. Young
Member: Edward L. Smith
Member: Howard E. Brownburger
External: Robert J. Ostermann
43
Date approved
[Exhibit G: Approval page—D.Min.]
[2"]
AN EVALUATION OF FOUR TYPES OF EVANGELISTIC ENDEAVORS USED BY THE MICHIGAN
CONFERENCE OF SEVENTH-DAY ADVENTISTS FROM JANUARY 1975 TO DECEMBER 1985
[3.5"]
A dissertation presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the
degree Doctor of Ministry
[5"]
by Edward C. Johnston
APPROVAL BY THE COMMITTEE:
[6.5"]
Adviser, Branson J. Coldwater
Director of D.Min. Program Skip Bell
Edward R. Thompkins
Dean, SDA Theological Seminary J. H. Denis Fortin
Harriet G. Westmore
Date approved
44
[Exhibit H: Approval page—Seminary: Ph.D. and Th.D.]
[2"]
THE CONCEPT OF EXAMPLE IN THE THEOLOGY OF THE NEW TESTAMENT
[3.5"]
A dissertation presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the
degree Doctor of Philosophy
[5"]
by Hans R. Reinhardt
APPROVAL BY THE COMMITTEE:
[6"]
Faculty Adviser, Jonathan R. Smith Professor of New Testament
Director of Ph.D./Th.D. Program Roy E. Gane
Julia K. Kueffner Associate Professor of Biblical Languages
Dean, SDA Theological Seminary J. H. Denis Fortin
Edward E. L. Schinkle Assistant Professor of Theology
J. William Johnson Professor of Systematic Theology
Arnold C. Matterby Associate Professor of Theology Union Theological Seminary
45
Date approved
[Exhibit I: Approval page, Master’s theses]
[2"]
[A two- or three-or-more line title would start at 2"; a one-line title
begins on 2.3".]
DEVELOPMENTAL GENE CONTROL IN ASPERGILLUS
[3.5"]
A thesis presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree
Master of Arts
[5"]
by Milton Tsung Chiu
APPROVAL BY THE COMMITTEE:
[7"]
Martin K. White, Ph.D., Chair [or Adviser, in Seminary]
Siegfried V. Kuntson, Ph.D.
Lucinda Ann deSilva, Ph.D.
Date approved
46
[Exhibit J: Form for all Tables of Contents]
[If arabic numbers are used to designate chapters, use arabic numbers in Table
of Contents.]
[2"]
TABLE OF CONTENTS
[triple space—skip 2 single lines]
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
vi vii viii ix
LIST OF TABLES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . LIST OF
ABBREVIATIONS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [Each
successive level of subheads is indented 3 spaces (type on the 4th); treat
runover lines of subheads as the next level. Runover chapter titles line up
under the first letter.]
Chapter I. INTRODUCTION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Scope and
Purpose. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Definitions.. . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . Methods Problems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II.
COMMUNITY VERSUS INDIVIDUAL: FACTORS AND APOLOGISTS OF SOCIAL UNITY. . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cultural Creeds and Greek Thinkers. . . . . . . .
The Cultural Unity of the Ancient Greeks. . . . Plato’s Personal Moralism. . .
. . . . . . . . Development of Moral Personality. . . . . . Virtue as
Foundation of Law and Government. Aristotle’s Social Moralism. . . . . . . . .
. Religion and the Hebrews. . . . . . . . . . . . . Moses’ Religious Legalism:
Its Origin and Later Development. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Beginnings
of Moralism: Prophets versus Priests. . Christian Moralism versus Jewish
Legalism. . . . . From Revolt to Reform. . . . . . . . . . . . . Moralism on Earth.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Appendix A. B. LETTERS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . QUESTIONNAIRES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1 1 2 5
8 8 8 10 10 12 15 25 25 27 30 32 34
199 212 203 233
BIBLIOGRAPHY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [or Reference
List]
VITA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [where
required]
47
Note 1: The periods following chapter numbers must line up. This means I for
Chapter I must be indented far enough so the longest number (usually III in
most papers) starts flush left. Note 2: Leader dot rules: a. Leader dots are
spaced every other space. b. They line up with dots above and below. c. Every
entry must have at least one leader dot. d. A space of ¼-inch occurs between
last dot and first digit of longest number. e. Numbers line up flush right.
48
[Exhibit K: Lists are shown in Turabian format; APA capitalizes all words of
four or more letters. Read each line below for further instructions.]
[2"]
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
[triple space—skip 2 lines]
1.
Captions Here Should Agree with Those under Illustrations.
. .
27
2.
When Captions Are Long Enough to Use Two or More Lines, the Second Line Is
Indented. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Exceptionally Long Captions May Be
Shortened. . . . . . . . . . Captions Here in the List Are Written in Headline
Style. . . .
36 51 66 75
3. 4. 5. 6.
Captions under Illustrations Are Written in Sentence Style. . . Explanatory
Statements under Illustrations Are Not Included in the List of Illustrations. .
. . . . . . . . . .
80
LIST OF TABLES
[triple space—skip 2 lines] 1.
Use Exact Titles as They Appear above Tables. . . . . . . . . . Titles Are
Written Here in Headline Style. . . . . . . . . . .
6 29
2. 3.
All the Titles above the Tables Are Written in the Particular Style Chosen. . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Number All the Tables with Arabic Numbers. . .
. . . . . . . .
39 73
4. 5.
Tables That Are Approximately Half Page or More in Length Must Appear on a
Separate Page. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
105
49
[Exhibit L: Publishing information does not appear in this list.]
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
[triple space—skip 2 lines]
AB AH AJSL ANRW AOT AUSS CNT ICC IDB JSOT LCL NICNT RH
Anchor Bible Advent Herald American Journal of Semitic Language and Literature
Aufstief und Niedergang der Romischen Welt H. H. Rowley, The Aramaic of the Old
Testament Andrews University Seminary Studies Commentaire du Nouveau Testament
International Critical Commentary Interpreter’s Dictionary of the Bible Journal
for the Study of the Old Testament Loeb Classical Library New International
Commentary (New Testament) Advent Review and Sabbath Herald, Advent Review,
Second Advent Review, Adventist Herald, Adventist Review Studia Orentalia
Theological Dictionary of the New Testament, Kittel and Friedrich, eds. United
Bible Societies Luther’s Works, Weimar Ausgabe Zeitschrift fur
wissenschaftliche Theologie
SOr TDNT
UBS WA ZWT
50
[Exhibit M: If the written material is short, center it on the page; if longer,
leave 2-inch margin at top of page. Read this Preface for further suggestions.]
PREFACE
In the preface the writer prepares the reader to approach the paper with
understanding. The reasons for making the study may be given. The background,
scope, and purpose of the study may also be included. If, however, the writer
believes that all this will be covered in the study itself, there is no point
in saying more about it in a preface. Sometimes a preface ends with a paragraph
or two of acknowledgments. If the writer wishes to acknowledge assistance
received from individuals, institutions, foundations, etc., he or she can
appropriately do so in the acknowledgments. If that is all that is included,
this section is simply titled “Acknowledgments.” Neither a preface nor an
acknowledgment is mandatory.
51
[Exhibit N: Sample page (Turabian style) showing spacing, margins, and use of
subheadings] CHAPTER 1 [left margin 1½”]
[2" from top] [triple space] [double space a 2-line title] [triple space]
THE USE OF SCIENCE IN THEOLOGY: INTRODUCTION AND HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
Introduction The Limits of Science Science and religion are arguably the two
most powerful forces in human culture. The nature of relations between these
This This first
[Heading]
[Level 1 subheading] [Level 2 subheading]
forces has been explored and debated for millennia. dissertation continues that
exploration and debate.
[right margin 1", not justified]
chapter introduces the dissertation in terms of its (1) problem and purpose,
(2) problem justification, (3) methodology, and (4) delimitations. For Langdon
Gilkey, science and theology are “mutually interdependent” with regard to
relations between their types of truth. [Block quote–5 lines of quoted
material--is indented half the distance of paragraph indention.] [space after
For both science and religion . . . the question of the each ellipsis relation
of each to reality, of the truth each holds, is point] crucial—for both
essentially represent a relation to reality that is cognitive or believed to be
so. And thus, because science and religion are mutually interdependent, the
issues of the truth of science and the truth of religion and of the relations
between these sorts of truth represent fundamental concerns for each.1 [triple
space] [Level 3 subheading]
The Nature of Theology Now that Gilkey’s view of science has been surveyed, the
nature of his model for theology and, therefore, for the use [footnote
indention lines up with paragraphs above]
A. Langdon Gilkey, “Nature, Reality and the Sacred,” Zygon 24, no. 4 (1989):
11.
1
52
APPENDIX A
TURABIAN FOOTNOTE AND BIBLIOGRAPHY INFORMATION AND SAMPLES
(Primarily for papers written for the Seminary or Religious Education) The
first footnote reference for a book should include the following information in
the order given: Name of author(s)—or editor(s) when no author is given Title
and, if any, subtitle Name of editor, compiler, or translator, if any, in
addition to author Name of author of preface, introduction, or foreword only
when of special interest to study Number or name of edition, if other than the
first Name of series in which book appears, if any, with volume or number in
series Facts of publication: Place, publishing agency, date Page number(s) of
specific citation In the footnote samples shown below, titles of commentaries,
encyclopedias, dictionaries, journals, and magazines are shown written out,
shortened, or abbreviated. All forms are permissible, but whichever form is
chosen should be used consistently and with the approval of adviser and
committee. Footnote indentations should be the same as paragraph indentations
used in text. Bibliography entries start flush left. Runover lines line up
under the sixth space or according to default indent. One bibliographic entry
should never be split between two pages. “N” indicates footnote entry. “B”
indicates bibliographic entry. Note: When states are included in place of
publication, full state names, standard abbreviations, or zip code
abbreviations (the form used in samples below) are all accepted. Whichever form
is chosen must be used consistently. Country names, when needed, are always
written out.
1. Book—one author (see Turabian 17.1.1)
N B A. M. Allchin, The Kingdom of Love & Knowledge (London: Darton, Longman
& Todd, 1979), 46. Allchin, A. M. The Kingdom of Love & Knowledge.
London: Darton, Longman & Todd, 1979. 1
2. Book—more than one author (see Turabian 17.1.1)
N
2 Mary Lyon, Bryce Lyon, and Henry S. Lucas, The Wardrobe Book of William de
Norwell, 12 July 1338 to 27 May 1340, with the collaboration of Jean de Sturler
(Brussels: Commission Royale d’Histoire de Belgique, 1983), 42.
B
Lyon, Mary, Bryce Lyon, and Henry S. Lucas. The Wardrobe Book of William de
Norwell, 12 July 1338 to 27 May 1340. With the collaboration of Jean de
Sturler. Brussels: Commission Royale d’Histoire de Belgique, 1983.
53
54
STANDARDS FOR W RITTEN W ORK
3. Book—more than one volume published in more than one year N B
3 Paul Tillich, Systematic Theology, 3 vols. (Chicago: University of Chicago
Press, 1951-63), 1:9.
Tillich, Paul. Systematic Theology. 3 vols. Chicago: University of Chicago
Press, 1951-63.
Note: If date is of special concern, include the date of the specific volume
cited; i.e., 1 (1951): 9 instead of 1:9.
4. Book—in a series (see Turabian 17.1.5)
N B
4 Verner W. Clapp, The Future of the Research Library, Phineas W. Windsor
Series in Librarianship 8 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1964), 92.
Clapp, Verner W. The Future of the Research Library. Phineas W. Windsor Series
in Librarianship 8. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1964.
5. Book—with component part by one author in a book edited by another (see
Turabian 17.1.8) N D. A. Shipley, “The European Heritage,” in The History of
American Methodism, 3 vols., ed. E. S. Bucke (New York: Abingdon Press, 1964),
1:12. Shipley, D. A. “The European Heritage.” In The History of American
Methodism, edited by E. S. Bucke, 1:9-42. New York: Abingdon Press, 1964. 5
B
6. Book—one source quoted in another (see Turabian 17.10)
N
6 Clark H. Pinnock, A Defense of Biblical Infallibility (Philadelphia, PA:
Presbyterian & Reformed, 1967), quoted in Avery Dulles, Models of
Revelation (Garden City, NY: Doubleday & Co., 1983), 45.
B
Pinnock, Clark H. A Defense of Biblical Infallibility. Philadelphia, PA:
Presbyterian & Reformed, 1967. Quoted in Avery Dulles, Models of
Revelation. Garden City, NY: Doubleday & Co., 1983.
7. Commentaries—authored volumes (Commentary title written out in footnote) N
E. D. Burton, A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Epistle to the
Galatians, International Critical Commentary (Edinburgh: T. and T. Clark,
1921), 65. Burton, E. D. A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Epistle to
the Galatians. International Critical Commentary. Edinburgh: T. and T. Clark,
1921. 7
B
Note: The use of abbreviations in footnotes for well-known and/or frequently
used commentaries, dictionaries, encyclopedias, journals, and magazines (even
in the first footnote) is usually permitted, but only when a list of
abbreviations is included in the paper. A list of abbreviations should not
include references that are used only once. Such a practice would make the list
long and defeat its purpose. Be sure to check with your adviser and committee
as to their preference. Full titles for all works are always written out in the
bibliography.
APPENDIX
55
8. Commentaries—authored volumes (Commentary title abbreviated in footnote) N B
Edwin R. Campbell, Jr., Ruth, AB, vol. 7 (Garden City, NY: Doubleday & Co.,
1975), 27. Campbell, Edwin R., Jr. Ruth. Anchor Bible, vol. 7. Garden City, NY:
Doubleday & Co., 1975. 8
9. Commentaries—with signed articles (Commentary title written out in footnote)
N B
9 G. E. Wright, “Exegesis of the Book of Deuteronomy,” Interpreter’s Bible (New
York: Abingdon Press, 1954), 2:332.
Wright, G. E. “Exegesis of the Book of Deuteronomy.” Interpreter’s Bible. New
York: Abingdon Press, 1954. 2:331-540.
10. Commentaries—with unsigned articles (Commentary title shortened in
footnote) Note: Articles that have a specific title are referenced with that
title (note first example 10); articles that comment on a Bible text only are
referenced by the Bible book title (note second example 10). N 10 "Interpretation
of Daniel,” SDA Bible Commentary, ed. F. D. Nichol (Washington, DC: Review and
Herald Pub. Assn., 1953-57), 4:54. 11 "Isaiah,” SDA Bible Commentary, ed.
F. D. Nichol (Washington, DC: Review and Herald Pub. Assn., 1953-57), 4:287.
B
“Interpretation of Daniel.” Seventh-day Adventist Bible Commentary. Edited by
F. D. Nichol. Washington, DC: Review and Herald Pub. Assn., 1953-57. 4:53-56.
“Isaiah.” Seventh-day Adventist Bible Commentary. Edited by F. D. Nichol.
Washington, DC: Review and Herald Pub. Assn., 1953-57. 4:287.
11. Dictionaries—with signed articles (Dictionary title abbreviated in
footnote) N B
12
J. H. Marks, “Flood (Genesis),” IDB (1962), 2:279.
Marks, J. H. “Flood (Genesis).” Interpreter’s Dictionary of the Bible. Edited
by G. A. Buttrick et al. Nashville: Abingdon Press, 1962. 2:278284.
12. Dictionaries—with unsigned articles (Dictionary title shortened in
footnote) N B
13
SDA Bible Dictionary (1960), s.v. “Angel.”
Seventh-day Adventist Bible Dictionary. Edited by Siegfried H. Horn. Washington,
DC: Review and Herald Pub. Assn., 1960. S.v. “Angel.”
13. Encyclopedias—with signed articles (Encyclopedia title written out in
footnote) N
14 C. A. Beckwith, “Virgin Birth,” The New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of
Religious Knowledge, 4th Photolithoprinted ed. (1960), 12:201-214.
B
Beckwith, C. A. “Virgin Birth.” The New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious
Knowledge. 4th Photolithoprinted ed., 1960. 12:201-214.
56
STANDARDS FOR W RITTEN W ORK
14. Encyclopedias—with unsigned articles (Encyclopedia title shortened in
footnote; see Turabian 17.5.3) N B
15
SDA Encyclopedia, 1975 ed., s.v. “Kingsway College.”
Seventh-day Adventist Encyclopedia. 1975 ed. S.v. “Kingsway College.”
15. Multi-volume works—with several titles by one author (see Turabian 17.1.4)
N Philip Carrington, The Early Christian Church, vol. 2 of The Second Christian
Century (Cambridge: University Press, 1957), 109-111. Carrington, Philip. The
Early Christian Church. Vol. 2 of The Second Christian Century. Cambridge:
University Press, 1957. 16
B
16. Ancient and medieval works (see Turabian 17.5.1)
N
17
Irenaeus Against Heresies 2.2.3 (ANF, 1:361). Josephus Jewish War 2.14.5
(trans. Thackeray, LCL, 2:435).
18
B
Irenaeus Against Heresies. The Ante-Nicene Fathers. 1:315-567. Josephus Jewish
War. Translated by H. St. J. Thackeray. Loeb Classical Library.
17. Journals (Journal title abbreviated in footnote; see Turabian 17.2.3) N B
19 Arthur J. Ferch, “The Two Aeons and the Messiah in Pseudo-Philo, 4 Ezra, and
2 Baruch,” AUSS 15 (1977): 135.
Ferch, Arthur J. “The Two Aeons and the Messiah in Pseudo-Philo, 4 Ezra, and 2
Baruch.” Andrews University Seminary Studies 15 (1977): 135-151.
18. Magazines (see Turabian 17.3)
N
20 Lawrence T. Geraty, “The Excavations at Biblical Heshbon, 1974,” Ministry,
February 1975, 20.
B
Geraty, Lawrence T. “The Excavations at Biblical Heshbon, 1974.” February 1975,
20-23.
Ministry,
19. Article—reprinted
N E. G. White, “Christ Man’s Example,” Review and Herald, July 5, 1887, 417;
reprint, Review and Herald, 4 September 1911, 561. White, E. G. “Christ Man’s
Example.” Review and Herald, July 5, 1887, 417418; reprint, Review and Herald,
4 September 1911, 561-562. 21
B
20. Article—no title, author supplied
N B
22
[A. T. Jones], editorial, Review and Herald, 5 September 1899, 572.
[Jones, A. T.] Editorial. Review and Herald, 5 September 1899, 572.
APPENDIX
57
21. Denominational minutes
N General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists (Washington, DC), Minutes of
Meetings of the General Conference Committee, 8-15 January 1970, meeting of 8
January 1970. General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists (Washington, DC).
Minutes of Meetings of the General Conference Committee, 8-15 January 1970. 23
B
22. Unpublished manuscript collections (see Turabian 17.6.4) N Howard B. Weeks,
notes on J. L. Shuler, 1966, Howard B. Weeks Collection, Adventist Heritage
Center, James White Library, Andrews University, Berrien Springs, MI. Weeks,
Howard B. Notes on J. L. Schuler, 1966. Howard B. Weeks Collection. Adventist
Heritage Center, James White Library, Andrews University, Berrien Springs, MI.
24
B
23. SDA Yearbook—1905-1966
N B
25 Year Book of the Seventh-day Adventist Denomination (Washington, DC: Review
and Herald Pub. Assn., 1905), 112.
Year Book of the Seventh-day Adventist Denomination. Washington, DC: Review and
Herald Pub. Assn., 1905, 1906, 1908.
24. SDA Yearbook—1883-1904; 1967-1998
N B
26 Seventh-day Adventist Yearbook (Washington, DC: Review and Herald Pub.
Assn., 1975), 178.
Seventh-day Adventist Yearbook. Washington, DC: Review and Herald Pub. Assn.,
1975.
25. Dissertations or theses (see Turabian 17.6.1)
N B
27 Arthur J. Ferch, “The Apocalyptic ‘Son of Man’ in Daniel 7" (ThD
dissertation, Andrews University, 1979), 155.
Ferch, Arthur J. “The Apocalyptic ‘Son of Man’ in Daniel 7.” ThD dissertation,
Andrews University, 1979. Note: To cite a dissertation consulted in an online
database, add database name, URL, and access date.
N
28 Priscilla Coit Murphy, “What a Book Can Do: Silent Spring and the MediaBorne
Public Debate.” PhD diss., University of North Carolina, 2000, in Proquest
Dissertations and Theses, http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?
did=727710781&sid=2&Fmt=2&clientId=13392&RQT=309&VName=PQD
(accessed November 2, 2007).
B
Murphy, Priscilla Coit. “What a Book Can Do: Silent Spring and the Media-Borne
Public Debate.” PhD diss., University of North Carolina, 2000. In ProQuest
Dissertations and Theses, http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=
727710781&sid=2&Fmt=2&clientId=13392&RQT=309&VName=PQD
(accessed November 2, 2007).
58
STANDARDS FOR W RITTEN W ORK
26. E. G. White research materials—(a) unpublished letter, (b) manuscript with
no title N
29 Ellen G. White to Dr. Patience Bourdeau, 8 June 1905, Letter 177, 1905,
Ellen G. White Research Center, Andrews University, Berrien Springs, MI.
30 Ellen G. White, MS 154, 1902, Ellen G. White Research Center, Andrews
University, Berrien Springs, MI.
B
White, Ellen G., to Dr. Patience Bourdeau, 8 June 1905. Letter 177, 1905. Ellen
G. White Research Center. Andrews University, Berrien Springs, MI. White, Ellen
G. MS 154, 1902. Ellen G. White Research Center. Andrews University, Berrien
Springs, MI.
27. CD-ROM (see Turabian 17.1.10 and 17.5.8)
N Oxford English Dictionary, 2d ed., s.v. “glossolalia,” CD-ROM (Oxford: Oxford
University Press, 1992). Oxford English Dictionary. 2d ed. S.v. “glossalalia.”
CD-ROM. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992. 31
B
28. Online Databases (see Turabian 17.5.9)
N
32 Pliny the Elder, The Natural History, ed. John Bostock and H. T. Riley, in
the Perseus Digital Library,
http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgibin/ptext?lookup=Plin.+Nat.+1.dedication
(accessed January 23, 2007).
B
Perseus Digital Library. http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/
29. Web Sites (see Turabian 17.7.1 and 15.4)
N
33 Evanston Public Library Board of Trustees, “Evanston Public Library
Strategic Plan, 2000-2010: A Decade of Outreach,” Evanston Public Library,
http://www.epl.org/library/strategic-plan-00.html (accessed June 1, 2005).
B
Evanston Public Library Board of Trustees. “Evanston Public Library Strategic
Plan, 2000-2010: A Decade of Outreach.” Evanston Public Library. http://
www.epl.org/library/strategic-plan-00.html (accessed June 1, 2005). Note: When
no author’s name is present, give the name of the owner of the site:
N
Federation of American Scientists, “Resolution Comparison: Reading License
Plates and Headlines,” http://www.fas.org/irp/imint/resolve5.html (accessed May
6, 2007).
34
Note: Refer to electronic sources only when items are not published elsewhere.
Make sure the URL is accurate, even to the spaces and dots. If it is necessary
to divide the URL between two lines, break only after a slash mark or
immediately before a dot. Always include the date you accessed the source (at
the end, in parentheses). Remove hyperlinks. (In Microsoft Word™, use the Tools
menu, AutoCorrect Options, AutoFormat As You Type, Replace as you type, then
clear the check-box: “Internet and network paths with hyperlinks.”) Sources
available online are less stable than printed sources; URLs come and
go—therefore, retain copies of downloaded material until your paper or
dissertation has been approved.. For more help regarding electronic media, see
Nancy Vyhmeister’s excellent chapter, “Taming the Internet,” in Your Guide to Writing
Quality Research Papers, 2d ed. (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2008).
APPENDIX B
APA IN-TEXT ENTRIES AND REFERENCE LIST INFORMATION AND SAMPLES Samples for
reference-list entries are taken from the American Psychological Association’s
Publication Manual, 5th ed., pp. 239-281.
1. Journal article, two authors, with volume and issue number Klimoski, R.,
& Palmer, S. (1993). The ADA and the hiring process in organizations.
Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research, 45(2), 10-36. Note that
there is no space between the volume number (45), which is placed in italics,
and the issue number (2), which is not in italics. 2. M agazine article Kandel,
E. R., & Squire, L. R. (2000, November 10). Neuroscience: Breaking down
scientific barriers to the study of brain and mind. Science, 290, 1113-1120. 3.
Newsletter article, no author The new health-care lexicon. (1993,
August/September). Copy Editor, 4, 1-2. Note: Alphabetize works with no author
by the first significant word in the title. In this case, “New.” Articles such
as “A,” “The,” and “An” are ignored (but not deleted) when alphabetizing. 4.
Newspaper article, no author, discontinuous pages New drug appears to sharply
cut risk of death from heart failure. (1993, July 15). The Washington Post, pp.
A12, A19. Note: In the text, use a short title for the parenthetical citation:
(“New Drug,” 1993).
59
60 5. Citation of a work discussed in a secondary source
STANDARDS FOR W RITTEN W ORK
Give only the secondary source in the reference list. In the text, however,
name the original work, and give a citation for the secondary source. For
example, if Seidenberg and McClelland’s work is cited in Coltheart et al. and
you did not the read the work cited, list the Coltheart et al. reference in the
reference list. In the text: Seidenberg and McClelland’s study (as cited in
Coltheart, Curtis, Atkins, & Haller, 1993) In the reference list:
Coltheart, M., Curtis, B., Atkins, P., & Haller, M. (1993). Models of
reading aloud: Dual-route and parallel-distributed-processing approaches.
Psychological Review, 100, 589-608. 6. Entire book, revised edition Beck, C. A.
J., & Sales, B. D. (2001). Family mediation: Facts, myths, and future
prospects (Rev. ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. 7.
Entry in an encyclopedia or dictionary Bergmann, P. G. (1993). Relativity. In
The new encyclopaedia Brittanica (Vol. 26, pp. 501-508). Chicago: Encyclopaedia
Britannica. 8. Brochure, corporate author Research and Training Center on
Independent Living. (1993). Guidelines for reporting and writing about people
with disabilities (4 th ed.) [Brochure]. Lawrence, KS: Author. 9. Article or
chapter in an edited book, two editors Bjork, R. A. (1989). Retrieval
inhibition as an adaptive mechanism in human memory. In H. L. Roediger III
& F. I. M. Craik (Eds.), Varieties of memory & consciousness (pp.
309-330). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. 10. Report available from ERIC Mead, J. V.
(1992). Looking at old photographs: Investigating the teacher tales that novice
teachers bring with them (Report No. NCRTL-RR-92-4). East Lansing, MI: National
Center for Research on Teacher Learning. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service
No. ED 346082) Note that no punctuation follows the ERIC number in parentheses
at end.
APPENDIX 11. Report from government institute as group author National
Institute of Mental Health. (1990). Clinical training in serious mental illness
(DHHS Publication No. ADM 90-1679). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing
Office. 12. Unpublished manuscript with a university cited Depret, E. F., &
Fiske, S. T. (1993). Perceiving the powerful: Intriguing individuals versus
threatening groups. Unpublished manuscript, University of Massachusetts at
Amherst. 13. Unpublished doctoral dissertation Wilfley, D. C. (1989).
Interpersonal analyses of bulimia: Normalweight and obese. Unpublished doctoral
dissertation, University of Missouri, Columbia. 14. Doctoral dissertation
abstracted in Dissertation Abstracts International
61
Ross, D. F. (1990). Unconscious transference and mistaken identity: When a
witness misidentifies a familiar but innocent person from a lineup (Doctoral
dissertation, Cornell University, 1990). Dissertation Abstracts International,
51, 417. 15. Television broadcast Crystal, L. (Executive Producer). (1993,
October 11). The MacNeil/Lehrer news hour (Television broadcast). New York and
Washington, DC: Public Broadcasting Service. 16. Internet article based on a
print source VandenBos, G., Knapp, S., & Doe, J. (2001). Role of reference
elements in the selection of resources by psychology undergraduates [Electronic
version]. Journal of Bibliographic Research, 5, 117-123. 17. Article in an
Internet-only newsletter Glueckauf, R. L., Whitton, J., Baxton, J., Kain, J.,
Vogelgesang, S., Hudson, M., et al. (1998, July). Videocounseling for families
of rural teens with epilepsy--Project update. Telehealth News, 2(2). Retrieved
from http://www.telehealth.net/subscribe/newsletter_4a. html#1 Note: Remove
hyperlinks. In Microsoft Word™, use the Tools menu, AutoCorrect Options,
AutoFormat As You Type, Replace as you type, then clear the check-box:
“Internet and network paths with hyperlinks.”
62
STANDARDS FOR W RITTEN W ORK
18. M ultipage Internet document created by private organization, no date Great
New Milford (Ct) Area Healthy Community 2000, Task Force on Teen and Adolescent
Issues. (n.d.). Who has time for a family meal? You do! Retrieved October 5,
2000, from http://www.familymealtime.org
19. M essage posted to an electronic mailing list Hammong, T. (2000, November
20). YAHC: Yandle Parameters, DOI Genres, etc. Message posted to Ref-Links
electronic mailing list, archived at
http://www.doi.org/mail-archive/ref-link/msg00088.html 20. Court case Lessard
v. Schmidt, 349 F. Supp. 1078 (E.D. Wis. 1972). The text citation for this
would be: (Lessard v. Schmidt, 1972) 21. Appealed case Durflinger v. Artiles,
563 F. Supp. 322 (D. Kan. 1981), aff’d, 727 F.2d 888 (10 th Cir. 1984). The
text citation for this would be: Durflinger v. Artiles (1981/1984) 22. Statutes
Mental Health Systems Act, 42 U.S.C. § 9401 (1988). The text citation for this
would be:
Mental Health Systems Act (1988)
23. Statute in a federal code American With Disabilities Act of 1990, 42
U.S.C.A. § 12101 et seq. (West 1993).
INDEX
Abbreviations, 27-29 Apocryphal references, 29 Biblical references, 29 For
sources, 26, 50 List of, 8, 10, 47, 50 Permitted (APA), 35 Permitted
(Turabian), 26 Standard books and periodicals, 27 Theological sources, 27
Abstract, 9-10 Abstract sample—Exhibit B, 38 Content, 9, 10 For dissertations,
6, 7, 9, 10 For theses, 5, 7, 9, 10 Title page, 7 Title page sample—Exhibit A,
37 Acknowledgments, 8, 11 Preface and/or acknowledgments—Exhibit M, 51 Adviser,
4 APA, 2, 10, 11, 13, 15, 16, 17, 18, 30-35, 49, 59-62 APA in-text references
Abbreviations, 35 Authors with same surname, 31 Citing one author, 30 Citing
more than two authors, 30 Citing two authors, 30 Corporate author, 31
Electronic media, 31 Ibid. not used, 32 Multi-volume works, 32 No author given,
31 Personal communication, 31 Reference list, 33 Secondary source, 32 Second
use of source, 32 Several studies by one author in one year, 31 Several works
at the same point, 31 Translated, republished works, 32 Apocryphal references,
29 Appendix, 53 Appendixes, 8, 9, 15 Approval page, 6, 10 Master’s thesis—Exhibit
I, 46 Education—Ph.D. or Ed.D.—Exhibit F, 43 Seminary D.Min.
dissertation—Exhibit G, 44 Seminary, Ph.D. or Th.D.—Exhibit H, 45 Arrangement
of Contents, 7-9 Bible references, 26 Bible versions, 26 Biblical book
abbreviations, 29 Bibliographical entries, 27 Bibliography, 9, 27 Bibliography
sample entries Ancient and medieval works, 56 Article, no title, 56 Article,
reprinted, 56 Book, component part by one author, edited by another, 54 Book,
in a series, 54 Book, more than one author, 53 Book, more than one volume in
more than one year, 54 Book, one author, 53 Book, one source quoted in another,
54 Commentaries, authored, 54 Commentaries, signed articles, 55 Commentaries,
unsigned articles, 55 CD-ROM, 58 Denominational minutes, 57 Dictionaries,
signed articles, 55 Dictionaries, unsigned articles, 55 Dissertations and
theses, 57 Encyclopedias, signed articles, 55 Encyclopedias, unsigned articles,
56 Journal articles, 56 Magazine articles, 56 Multi-volume works, 56 Online
databases, 58 SDA Yearbook, new, 57 SDA Yearbook, old, 57 Unpublished material
in collection, 57 White, E. G., research materials, 58 Web sites, 58 Binding, 5
Biology papers, 2, 12, 15 Blank pages, 7, 9 Block quotes, 18, 33 (APA) Body of
paper, 8, 11 Captions, 12 Chapter numbers, 11 Conclusions in paper, 8, 10, 14
Content and quality, 4, 5 Contents of the Written Work, 7 Copies, 5 Copyright
notice, 7 Cost of copyright, 7 Cover sheet(s), 8 Deadlines: dissertations, 6;
projects, 5; theses, 6 Dedication, 7, 11 Demeaning women, 23 Direct quotes, 32
(APA); 27 (Turabian) Dissertations, 6 Dividing words, 19 Double space, 18
Duplication, 1 Editorial “we,” 20 Electronic media, 31, 34 Ellipsis points, 18
Examples Bibliography entries (Seminary), 53-58 Footnotes (Seminary), 53-58
Footnotes (Turabian), 25-27 Gender-inclusive language, 22-24 In-text references
(APA), 30-32 Preliminary pages, 36-52 Quotations (APA), 32, 33 Subheadings, 13,
14, 52 Tables, 11-13 Verb tense, 20, 21 Figures, list of, 8, 10, 11 Final
copies, 1, 5, 6 Fonts, 1 Footnotes (Turabian), 25-27 First article reference,
25 First book reference, 25
63
64
General rules, 25 Information and samples, 25-27 Specific rules, 25
Abbreviations, 26 Author’s name (Seminary), 25 Page numbers in, 25 Subsequent
references, 25 Footnotes, sample entries (Seminary), 53-58 Ancient and medieval
works, 56 Article, reprinted, 56 Book, component part by one author, edited by
another, 54 Book, in a series, 54 Book, more than one author, 53 Book, more
than one volume in more than one year, 54 Book, one author, 53 Book, one source
quoted in another, 54 CD-ROM, 58 Commentaries, authored volumes, 54, 55
Commentaries, signed articles, 55 Commentaries, unsigned articles, 55
Denominational minutes, 57 Dictionaries, signed articles, 55 Dictionaries,
unsigned articles, 55 Dissertations or theses, 57 Encyclopedias, signed
articles, 55 Encyclopedias, unsigned articles, 56 Journal articles, 56 Magazine
articles, 56 Multi-volume works, 56 Online databases, 58 Reprinted articles, 56
SDA Yearbook, new, 57 SDA Yearbook, old, 57 Unpublished material, 57 White, E.
G., research material, 58 Web sites, 58 Foreign language in text, 20 Format,
definition, 1 Four spaces, 17 Gender-inclusive language, 22-24 Gender-role
stereotyping, 23, 24 Glossary, 9, 15 Half-title page, 8, 9, 15 Headline style,
definition (APA), 10 Headline style, definition (Turabian), 10 Headline style,
10, 12, 13 Historical perspective, 20 Hyphens, 19 Illustrations, list of, 8,
10, 11 Indirect quotes (APA), 32 In-text references, 30-32 Introduction to the
text, 8 Leader dots, 48 Levels of subheadings, 13-14 List of abbreviations, 8,
9, 28 List of abbreviations sample—Exhibit L, 50 List of illustrations, 8, 10,
11, 49 List of illustrations sample and rules—Exhibit K, 49 List of tables, 8,
10, 11, 49 List of tables sample and rules—Exhibit K, 49 Main body of text, 11
Margins, 17, 52 (Exhibit N)
STANDARDS FOR W RITTEN W ORK
Numbering of footnotes, 25 Number of copies: dissertation, 6; project, 5;
thesis, 5 Omission of women, 22 Page numbers, 17 Page numbers in footnotes, 25
Paper, 1 Personal communication (APA), 31 Personal bound copies, 6 Preface, 8,
11 Preface and/or acknowledgments sample—Exhibit M, 51 Preliminary pages, 7, 8,
10-11 Project adviser, 4 Project deadlines, 5 Projects, 4 Quality and content:
of projects, 4; of theses, 5 Quotations (APA), 32, 33 Recommendations of paper,
8, 14 Recommended style guides, 2 Reference list, 9, 15, 16, 33 Reference list,
sample entries, 59-62 Appealed case, 62 Article or chapter in book, 60 Book,
revised edition, 60 Brochure, 60 Court case, 62 Dissertation Abstracts
International, 61 Dissertation, unpublished, 61 Electronic mailing list, 62
Encyclopedia/dictionary, 60 ERIC, 60 Group author, 61 Internet article, 61
Internet document, no date, 62 Internet-only newsletter, 61 Journal article, 59
Magazine article, 59 Manuscript, unpublished, 61 Newsletter article, 59
Newspaper article, 59 Secondary source, 60 Statute in a federal code, 62
Statutes, 62 Television broadcast, 61 Reference pages, 15, 16 Referencing
quotations (APA), 32 Republished works (APA), 32 Research projects, 4 Rules For
bibliographical entries, 27 For footnotes, 25-27 For leader dots, 48 For lists
of tables and illustrations, 49 For margins, 17 For page numbers, 17 For
reference lists, 33, 34 For specific spacing Four spaces (skip three lines), 17
Triple space (skip two lines), 17-18 Double space (skip one line), 18 Single
space, 18 For subheads, 13, 14 For table of contents, 47, 48 For tables and
illustrations, 11-13
INDEX
For word division, 19 Sample style sheets, 36-52 Secondary source (APA), 32
Single space, 18 Size of type, 1 Spacing (general rules), 17 After punctuation,
18-19 Example—Exhibit N, 52 No spaces appear, 18-19 Of tables and
illustrations, 18 Of titles and subheads, 14, 18 Specific rules, 17-19 Student-prepared
questionnaires, 14 Style, definition, 1 Subsequent (second use) citations
(APA), 31 Subsequent references (Turabian), 25 Subheadings, 13-14, 52 (Exhibit
N) Summary of paper, 8, 14 Table of contents, 7, 10, 47 (Exhibit J) Tables And
illustrations, 11-13 APA style, 13 List of, 10, 11 Turabian’s run-in style, 12
Turabian’s traditional style, 12 Term papers, 4 Text of paper, 8, 11 Thesis, 5
Thesis committee, 5 Third person, 20 Title page, 7, 10 Abstract title
page—Exhibit A, 37 Doctoral—Exhibit C, 40 Honors projects—Exhibit E, 42
Master’s—Exhibit D, 41 Triple space, 17 Turabian, 2, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, 16,
17, 18, 19, 25-29, 30, 35, 49, 52, 53-58 Typefaces, 1 Type size, 1 URL, 34 Verb
tenses, 20-22 Vita, 9, 16 Word division, 19
65
